Download presentation Hagia Sophia, the symbol of ancient Rus'. Saint Sophia is a symbol of Ancient Rus'. Saint Sophia of Kyiv. Where is it located

Hagia Sophia- symbol Kievan Rus heyday. Sofia of Kyiv emphasized the greatness and power of the ancient Russian state of the times of Yaroslav the Wise.

Kievan Rus at the end of the 10th century. – first half of the 11th century.

At the end of the 10th century. – first half of the 11th century. Princely power is strengthened, the state acquires the features of a centralized monarchy, and Christianity replaces paganism. On the initiative of Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich - the father of Yaroslav the Wise - the baptism of Rus' takes place. The first stone churches begin to be built.

For Rus' of that time, a role model and the main partner in foreign policy there was the Byzantine Empire. In the capital of Byzantium - Constantinople - by the beginning of the 11th century. For more than 400 years, the Hagia Sophia has stood tall.

The cathedral was the largest building in Europe at that time and remained so for another 500 years.
The cathedral was erected in the powerful Byzantine Empire during the reign of Emperor Justinian the Great (527-565).
In Russian chronicles of the beginning of the 12th century. the capital of Byzantium - Constantinople - was called Constantinople.

Construction of Hagia Sophia

Sofia of Kyiv

In the first half of the 11th century. a temple was built in Kyiv with the same name as the cathedral in Constantinople - Hagia Sophia.

Historians are arguing about the time of construction of St. Sophia of Kyiv. Some historians date the construction of the temple to the beginning of the 11th century.
Some of them give the date 1017. and refer to the text of the Novgorod Chronicle.
Others suggest that construction was started by Vladimir the Great and refer to archaeological sources.
The third part of historians adheres to the classical point of view, and relies on The Tale of Bygone Years:
“In the year 6545 (1037) Yaroslav founded the great city, near the same city the Golden Gate; founded the church of St. Sophia, the metropolis, and then the church on the Golden Gate - the Holy Mother of God of the Annunciation, then the monastery of St. George and St. Irene".

Who built the St. Sophia Cathedral?

We do not know the names of the architects who designed and built the Hagia Sophia, nor the names of the craftsmen who carried out the work inside the cathedral, richly decorating it with frescoes and mosaics. It is believed that these were Byzantine masters. Obviously, local craftsmen were also involved in the construction.

Sofia of Kyiv

The fate of the country is the fate of the temple

In its centuries-old history, the temple shared the fate of the country: it was repeatedly destroyed and devastated. In 1240, Kyiv was besieged by the troops of Batu Khan and, after a two-month struggle, captured the city. Kyiv turned into ruins. Only a few buildings survived, among them the looted St. Sophia Cathedral.

Reconstruction of the temple

The first reconstruction of the temple was undertaken by the Kyiv Metropolitan Peter Mohyla. The work, begun in the middle of the 17th century, was completed only at the beginning of the 18th century. Appearance St. Sophia Cathedral changed during the reconstruction; it was rebuilt in the Ukrainian Baroque style.

St. Sophia Cathedral- an architectural masterpiece of Ancient Kievan Rus; one of the few architectural monuments of the 11th century, which, with changes, has survived to this day.

Municipal budgetary educational institution "Lyceum" No. 24 Ancient temples of Rus' St. Sophia Cathedral Author of the work: teacher of Russian language and literature Klyuchnikova Irina Vladimirovna G. Gukovo, Rostov region 2014 "The fate of the temple is the fate of Russia - the fate of man" The waters of a quiet river reflect Temple surrounded by trees. Years and centuries fly by - Every day prayers are heard there. Candles and lamps are burning here, Their glare on the images burns, Virgin Mary's holy glances They look tenderly straight into your soul. It's so good to cry and pray, And Heaven is so close to the earth there, It's sad to come back later Into a sinful world that lies entirely in evil. But the soul will again strive again To a wonderful world, back to silence, To the holy world, where he can be reborn The love that still sleeps within me. Novgorod Kremlin, or Detinets, as it was called in Novgorod in ancient times, founded by Prince Yaroslav, is the oldest surviving Kremlin in Russia (first mentioned in the chronicle of 1044). The Kremlin was the administrative, social and religious center of Novgorod. Here the veche, the election of the mayor took place, from here the squads of Alexander Nevsky went to battle with the Swedes, its walls defended the main one - the St. Sophia Cathedral and the residence of the Novgorod ruler. It was in the Kremlin that chronicles were written, books were collected and copied.

Photo from 1900.

Initially, the temple did not have plaster or whitewash; the expressiveness of the masonry and the picturesqueness of the stone gave the cathedral an unusually majestic and solemn appearance. The western façade has been decorated with paintings since ancient times. This painting was updated in the 19th century. Ancient painting of the 16th century. preserved only in the middle part of the composition.

The gates were made in Magdeburg by Western European craftsmen in the middle of the 12th century; perhaps the customer of the gates was Bishop Alexander of Plock (his image is on one of the plates). Forty-eight bronze plates illustrate biblical and gospel scenes. These are scenes of the creation of the world, the Nativity of Christ, the Crucifixion, and the Ascension.

Handles in the shape of lion heads are interesting. Rods are inserted into their open mouths, to which handles in the form of snakes are attached - all this symbolizes hell. Human heads are visible in the mouths of lions - these are sinners whom this hell is devouring.

Germans pose against the background of the monument to the Millennium of Russia. The Germans violated the monument. They smashed it and scattered the figures on the ground. The bells of the belfry were not thrown into the ground

A cathedral is a large temple with several chapels. A church is a temple of God, a building for Christian worship, which has a throne. A chapel is a small building crowned with a cross, resembling a church in appearance, but without a throne. In the chapel you can serve prayers, memorial services, read the hours (hence the name), and perform other services besides the liturgy. Chapels are built to commemorate any important events, as well as in cemeteries, near roads, and over water sources.

Our Lady of Oranta (Unbreakable Wall). Mosaic in the altar of the cathedral. XI century. Saint Basil the Great. Altar mosaic. XI century. Annunciation. Mosaic on altar pillars. XI century. St. Sophia's Cathedral was built in the 11th century in the center of Kyiv by order of Yaroslav the Wise.

V.V. Vereshchagin. “The Great Church of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra” (1905) V.V. Vereshchagin. “The Great Church of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra” (1905) V.V. Vereshchagin. “The Great Church of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra” (1905) V.V. Vereshchagin. “The Great Church of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra” (1905) V.V. Vereshchagin. “The Great Church of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra” (1905) V.V. Vereshchagin. “The Great Church of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra” (1905) V.V. Vereshchagin. “Great Church of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra” (1905) During the German occupation of Kyiv, a police station was organized in the Lavra, where about 500 civilians were killed by the occupying authorities. On November 3, 1941, the Assumption Cathedral was blown up by German occupation forces (restored in the mid-1990s); what was mentioned at the Nuremberg trials

Nesterov M.V. Monk of Antokolsky M.M. Nestor the Chronicler

The Tale of Bygone Years (also called the “Primary Chronicle” or “Nestor’s Chronicle”) is the earliest surviving ancient Russian chronicle from the beginning of the 12th century. Known from several editions and lists with minor deviations in the texts introduced by copyists. It is now recognized that the first original edition of the PVL (Tale of Bygone Years) by the monk Nestor has been lost, and modified versions of the PVL have survived to this day.

The library was founded by Yaroslav the Wise at the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv. This is reported in the Tale of Bygone Years, the first chronicle of the early 12th century. The very word "library" in Ancient Rus' almost never used. In different cities of Rus', rooms for books had a variety of names: “book depository”, “book depository”, “book depository”, “book depository”, “storage treasury”, “book cage”, “book chamber”.

In 1045 Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise and Princess Irina (Ingegerda) headed to Novgorod from Kyiv to visit their son Vladimir to lay the foundation stone for the St. Sophia Cathedral. The cathedral was built around 1050 instead of the 13-domed wooden church of 989 that had burned down before, but not in the same place, but to the north. According to various chronicles, the cathedral was consecrated in 1050 or 1052 by Bishop Luke.

The bronze Magdeburg Gate in the Romanesque style with a large number of high reliefs and sculptures is mounted on the western portal. On the cross of the central dome there is a lead figure of a dove symbolizing the Holy Spirit. According to legend, when in 1570 Ivan the Terrible brutally dealt with the residents of Novgorod, a dove sat down to rest on the cross of Sophia. Seeing the terrible carnage from there, the dove was petrified with horror. Afterwards, the Mother of God revealed to one of the monks that this dove was sent to console the city and until it flies from the cross, the city will be protected by it during the Great Patriotic War On August 15, 1941, fascist troops occupied Novgorod and, as one of the trophies, the cross of the main dome was taken to Spain. On November 16, 2004, in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, it was returned to the Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' Alexy II by the Minister of Defense of Spain and is now placed inside the St. Sophia Cathedral.

The Transfiguration Cathedral was founded about a year ago by the Chernigov prince Mstislav Vladimirovich, after whose death, apparently, it was not built for some time and was completed only in the middle of the century. It became the main temple of the ancient Russian city and the Chernigov-Seversky principality.

St. Sophia Cathedral cathedral city ​​of Polotsk, built between the years. Construction is associated with the transfer of the city center from the old settlement.

BLADE - a vertical flat protrusion in a wall that divides or limits its surface (unlike a pilaster, it does not have a base or capital). The blade can be a structural element of the wall, or it can only perform decorative function serve as a means of vertical division of the facade. In pre-Mongol Orthodox architecture, the shovel was not just a structural element in stone construction, but also an accurate sign by which (along with the number of spindles) it was possible to easily determine the number of pillars in the temple. For example: in the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, the side façade has 4 blades (designed in the form of half-columns) and three spindles, respectively, before us is a four-pillar temple in plan.

Vocalists are small chambers or clay jugs built into the upper parts of the walls of the temple, open to the inside of the room and serving as resonators to improve the sound of voices. Golosniks in architecture, small chambers or vessels (usually ceramic) embedded in the walls and arches of a building and facing the interior of the room with their openings. Serve to amplify sound (as acoustic resonators); sometimes they are used as hollow structural elements that lighten the weight of the vault.

Birch bark documents, letters and records on birch bark (birch bark), monuments of writing of Ancient Rus' of the 19th century. Certificate 115 (fragment). Translation: “From Polchka (or Polochka)…(you) took (possibly as a wife) a girl from Domaslav, and from me Domaslav took 12 hryvnia. 12 hryvnia arrived. And if you don’t send it, then I will stand (meaning: with you to the court) before the prince and the bishop; then prepare for a big loss...” From the collection of the Historical Museum.

The Church of Paraskeva-Pyatnitsa at Torg 1156 is part of the architectural complex of Yaroslav's Court in Veliky Novgorod. It was the patronal temple of the merchants of ancient Novgorod. Named in honor of Saint Paraskeva-Pyatnitsa, who was considered the patroness of the Novgorod merchants. In addition, the Novgorod Torg opened and operated on Fridays.

Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir Cathedral Orthodox church Vladimir Diocese on Cathedral Square in the city of Vladimir; Also state museum. Historically, before the rise of Moscow, it was the main (cathedral) church of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus'. One of the monuments of Russian architecture of the 12th century, which served as a model for a number of later cathedrals, including the Assumption Cathedral of Aristotle Fioravanti.

The Golden Gate is an outstanding monument ancient Russian architecture, located in the city of Vladimir. Built in 1164 under the Vladimir prince Andrei Bogolyubsky. In addition to defensive purposes, the gate also had a triumphal character. The Golden Gate formed the main entrance to the richest princely-boyar part of the city. The Golden Gate was built by princely craftsmen. This is evidenced by the princely sign left by the builder on one of the white stone blocks.

Nave (from Latin ship) Nave (from Latin ship) is an elongated room, part of the interior, bounded on one or both longitudinal sides by a number of columns or pillars separating it from neighboring naves. an elongated room, part of the interior, bounded on one or both longitudinal sides by a number of columns or pillars separating it from neighboring naves.

Filigree (from the Old Church Slavonic verb - to twist, twist several strands into one thread), filigree is a type of jewelry technique: an openwork or soldered pattern on a metal background made of thin gold, silver or copper wire, smooth or twisted into ropes. In Ancient Rus', the filigree technique began to be used in the 19th century. At that time, twisted wire was not yet used for production, but grains were used. Products from the 18th century are of high quality; at that time, brazed technology began to be used more often, and from the 12th century, openwork and relief filigree; stones began to be used in production.

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Slide captions:

Culture of Ancient Rus'

Old Russian culture also absorbed the cultural achievements of the peoples living in Rus' and the peoples surrounding it

The basis of ancient Russian culture: 1. Cultural heritage Eastern Slavs: Myths and legends; Wood and stone carving; Blacksmithing. 2. Byzantine cultural traditions: Church books; Construction of temples; Iconography.

The main motive of ancient Russian art is PATRIOTISM.

Patriotism is love for the Motherland, devotion to one’s Fatherland, one’s people.

1. UNT: Since time immemorial, oral folk art has developed in Rus' - songs, fairy tales, epics Main idea– liberation of one’s land and protecting it from enemies.

The main characters of the epics are heroes: Alyosha Popovich, Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich

2. Writing and literacy: Slavic alphabet (Cyril and Methodius); Opening of schools at churches (reading, counting, writing, basic Christian doctrine); Translations of Greek church books, biographies of Christian saints, historical works; The first Russian handwritten books.

3. Literature: Originates in the 11th century. Literary works: Chronicle; Life; Word.

4. Architecture and fine arts: A. wooden architecture; B. stone construction.

Church of Hagia Sophia in Kyiv

St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod

Tithe Church in Kyiv

Conclusion: Old Russian state was distinguished by a high level of cultural development. Old Russian culture has become an integral part of world culture.

Homework: § 7 p. 55 – 63, questions; Definitions of words; R.T. No.2 p.17, No.3,4 p.18

Thank you for your attention!

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Slide 1

History of Ancient Rus'
Part 22
Sofia
Novgorodskaya

Slide 2

The significance of St. Sophia Cathedral for Novgorod Sofia Library Not higher than Sofia
Culture of Veliky Novgorod Chronicle information Sophia of Constantinople The first wooden Cathedral of Sophia in Novgorod Sophia of Novgorod
Plan

Slide 3

Culture of Veliky Novgorod
Novgorod land is the richest treasury ancient culture Northern Rus'. Untouched by the Mongol devastation, it brought to us many ancient monuments.

Slide 4

The oldest monument of Russian literature - the Ostromir Gospel - was written by order of the Novgorod mayor Ostromir.
Ostromir Gospel 1056-57.

Slide 5

Rich Novgorod merchants did not skimp on the construction and decoration of churches. In the Novgorod chronicles we read about the almost annual construction of churches in different regions of the Novgorod land.
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Slide 6

Some monuments of Novgorod architecture were lost during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945.
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Slide 7

But many wonderful churches have been preserved in the Novgorod land, for example, the 12th century Church of the Transfiguration on Nereditsa or the 14th century Church of Theodore Stratilates on the Stream.

Slide 8

Without a doubt, the most famous of the Novgorod churches is the St. Sophia Cathedral.
Kholuev V.F. Road to the temple. Sofia Novgorodskaya. 1981.

Slide 9

The Novgorod lands were also famous for their monasteries.
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Slide 10

In Novgorod there were many workshops where icons were painted by order of Novgorodians. Some of these icons have survived to this day. These are wonderful examples of the Novgorod school of icon painting.
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Slide 11

The great icon painter Theophanes the Greek worked in Novgorod. The frescoes he made still exist today in the Church of the Transfiguration on Ilyin Street.
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Slide 12

Chronicle information
The Novgorod Chronicles contain a lot of interesting information from ancient history Veliky Novgorod. But the Novgorod chroniclers especially carefully recorded information about when the foundation stone of this or that temple was made, when the temple was built and consecrated, when the painting of the temple was done.

Slide 13

For example, the “Novgorod Third Chronicle” is even called “The Book spoken briefly by the Chronicler of Novgorod to the churches of God, in which year the church was built in whose name and under which bishop or archbishop, or metropolitan.” Or on modern language- this is a brief Novgorod chronicle about the churches of God - in what year, in the name of what saint the temple was built and under what bishop.

Slide 14

Sophia of Constantinople
Ancient Rus', having adopted Christianity in Byzantium, borrowed temple architecture from there.

Slide 15

The ambassadors of Prince Vladimir, as the Tale of Bygone Years testifies, felt the beauty of Orthodoxy in the St. Sophia Cathedral in Constantinople - the main temple of Byzantium.

Slide 16

And one of the first churches of newly baptized Rus' is the St. Sophia Cathedral of Novgorod.

Slide 17

The first wooden Sofia Cathedral in Novgorod
Sophia of Novgorod was erected in 989 with the blessing of the first bishop of Novgorod, Joachim Korsunyanin. The chronicle of this event reads: “Vladyka Bishop Joachim erected the first wooden oak church of Saint Sophia.” It was a majestic wooden temple “with thirteen peaks,” that is, it had 13 domes. He was sanctified, just like main temple in Constantinople, in the name of Sophia the Wisdom of God.

Slide 18

Subsequently, St. Sophia churches were built in many Russian cities - from Kyiv to Tobolsk. They testified to the spiritual kinship and ecclesiastical succession of Rus' with Orthodox Byzantium and proclaimed that the highest Divine Wisdom lies in the salvation of the whole world.
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Sofia Kyiv

Slide 19

Sofia Novgorodskaya
The pristine Novgorod St. Sophia Cathedral stood above the Volkhov River near the ancient Volkhov Bridge and was the main decoration of the city. But during a fire that happened in March 1045, St. Sophia Cathedral burned down.
Great Bridge and St. Sophia of Novgorod. Reconstruction of D.P. Sukhova

Slide 20

A year earlier, Prince Yaroslav the Wise ordered the construction of a stone Kremlin-Detinets in Novgorod, which became the fortified core of the city.

Slide 21

The most important building of the Novgorod Kremlin-Detinets was a new, stone St. Sophia Cathedral, erected instead of the one that burned down.

Slide 22

To this day, Novgorod is decorated with this majestic temple, built back in 1052 under the holy Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich with the blessing of Bishop Luke of Novgorod.

Slide 23

Russian masters and icon painters, together with Greek masters specially invited from Constantinople, built and decorated the St. Sophia Cathedral. “This church was built very beautiful and great,” says the chronicle. The golden dome of the cathedral was subsequently crowned with a cross with a dove - a symbol of the Holy Spirit.
The built-in presentation with illustrations opens by clicking on the picture

Slide 24

The significance of St. Sophia Cathedral for Novgorod
“Where St. Sophia is, Novgorod is here!” - said the ancient Novgorodians.
Novgorod. XIV century Reconstruction of E.D. Sheko

Slide 25

But residents of Novgorod gathered in Sofia not only for church services. Meetings and farewells of Novgorod soldiers were held here to the ringing of the bells of the St. Sophia Cathedral. Preparing for a feat of arms, the defenders of the Novgorod land exclaimed: “Let us die honestly for St. Sophia!”
Prince Alexander Nevsky brings captured German knights to Novgorod
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Slide 26

The Novgorod veche gathered on the square in front of the St. Sophia Cathedral. In Sofia, decrees were announced and appointments were made to senior positions.
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Slide 27

In addition, the rich Novgorod treasury, library and archive of Novgorod were located at the cathedral. Samples of weights and measures were also kept here. Let us remember that Novgorod was the largest trading center of Ancient Rus'.
A. Vasnetsov. Novgorod trade
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Slide 29

Not far from Sofia, the Novgorod bishops administered the “master's court,” that is, they conducted legal proceedings. The trial took place in front of a fresco depicting Christ with the opened Gospel. On the pages of the Gospel was written a word to the judges: “With the same judgment you judge, God will judge you with the same judgment.”
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Sovereign (faceted) chamber. 1433g

Slide 30

Novgorodians resorted to Sofia not only during military adversity, but also during natural disasters and terrible epidemics. For example, in 1390, a great many people died from a pestilence in Novgorod. On the advice of the bishop, the despondent Novgorodians, in order to quench the wrath of God, made a vow and, according to the vow, built a church in one day in honor of Saints Athanasius and Cyril of Alexandria.

Slide 31

After this, as the chronicler narrates, “by God’s grace and St. Sophia’s standing, and the lord’s blessing and prayer, the pestilence stopped.”
Praying Novgorodians. Icon detail. 1467

Slide 32

Book scribe's cell
Sofia Library
The Sofia Library of Novgorod was one of the largest book collections of Ancient Rus'. Handwritten books from the library of Hagia Sophia preserved the names of 94 scribes who worked on compiling and rewriting the books. Books from the Sofia Library were distributed or loaned to various monasteries and churches throughout the Russian North, right up to the Solovetsky Monastery.

Slide 33

No higher than Sofia
The special respect of the Novgorodians for their greatest shrine - the St. Sophia Cathedral - was expressed, in particular, in the fact that for nine hundred years not a single building in Novgorod was built higher than Sofia, although outside the city there were buildings higher and larger.

Slide 34

During the Great Patriotic War, St. Sophia Cathedral suffered greatly: the vaults and walls received holes from shells, and gilded sheets were torn off the domes. Many ancient frescoes were lost forever.
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Kukryniksy. Flight of the Nazis from Novgorod

Slide 35

Over nine and a half centuries, the St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod was repeatedly restored and updated. The last restoration was carried out in 1983–1990. Restorers strengthened ancient painting in the temple, preserved from the 12th century.
Restoration of the fresco