Many people like to experiment by preparing different dishes at home. But at the same time...
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Models of atoms. Rutherford's experience. Physics teacher Olga Nikolaevna Dundukova
Ancient Greek materialist philosopher, founder of the atomistic hypothesis for explaining the world (460-370 BC) Democritus The properties of a substance are determined by the shape, mass, and other characteristics of the atoms that form it. For example, in fire, the atoms are sharp, so the fire can burn; in solids, they are rough, so they adhere tightly to each other; in water, they are smooth, so it can flow. Even the human soul consists of atoms. 13 Models of atoms. Rutherford's experience
Substance Physical body Molecule Atom A logical chain was built. It remained to answer the question - how does an atom work? ? 18 Models of atoms. Rutherford's experience
(1856-1940) English scientist who discovered the electron and proposed a fairly developed model of the atom Joseph John Thomson Thomson's model of the atom 20 The model did not explain the discrete nature of the radiation of the atom and its stability. An atom is like some positively charged body with electrons enclosed inside it. . Models of atoms. Rutherford's experiment (“RAISIN PUDDING”)
Rutherford's experiment 21 Models of atoms. Rutherford's experience
(1871-1937) English scientist who laid the foundations of the doctrine of radioactivity and the structure of the atom Ernest Rutherford Discovered and explained the radioactive transformation of chemical elements Concluded that there is a massive nucleus in the atom Discovered alpha and beta radiation Planetary model of the atom 22 Models of atoms. Rutherford's experience
Alpha particles from a radioactive source pass through a diaphragm and land on thin gold foil. It is about a micron thick, i.e. consists of approximately 3000 atomic layers. When an alpha particle hits the screen, a luminescent layer glows. Rutherford's experiment 23 Models of atoms. Rutherford's experience
Rutherford's observations showed Some alpha particles are deflected at small angles There are negative particles in atoms There are alpha particles deflected from the foil at angles larger There are positive particles in an atom 24 Models of atoms. Rutherford's experiment The atom is not solid, it has voids Most alpha particles easily pass through the foil without being deflected
Conclusions from the results of the experiment: At the center of the atom there is a massive positively charged nucleus, occupying a small volume of the atom. Electrons move around the nucleus, the mass of which is significantly less than the mass of the nucleus. The atom is electrically neutral, because the charge of the nucleus is equal to the modulus of the total charge of the electrons 26 Models of atoms. Rutherford's experience
Models of atoms. Rutherford's experiment 27 Rutherford's model of the atom Electrons Nucleus An atom is a positively charged particle (nucleus) around which negatively charged particles (electrons) rotate
28 Models of atoms. Rutherford's experiment This is the electron-nuclear model of the atom according to Rutherford. Sometimes it is called planetary because of its similarity with the structure of the Solar system
As a result of the experiment on the scattering of alpha particles: The inconsistency of Thomson's model of the atom was proven. The order of the diameters of atomic nuclei was determined - m.) A nuclear model of the structure of the atom was put forward 29 Models of atoms. Rutherford's experience Rutherford's experience allowed:
Models of atoms. Rutherford's experiment 31 Make a logical diagram using the words: Molecule Field Electron Atom Nucleus Substance Matter
Models of atoms. Rutherford's experiment 32 Correct answer: Molecule Field Electron Atom Nucleus Substance Matter
Models of atoms. Rutherford's experience 33 Gymnasium 1526. Zelenenkaya L.E. Read the text, inserting the missing words. In 1911, the English physicist Ernest Rutherford carried out an experiment on the study of the atom. In his experiments he used: Source; Very thin foil; Particle-capable screen. He came to the conclusion that the structure resembles our solar system. Just as the planets move around something massive, the atom moves around something massive. The atomic model created was called. Missing words (in the nominative case): sun, atom, conclusion, nucleus, Ernest Rutherford, glow, experience, composition, planetary, structure, metallic, charged, alpha particles, electrons.
Models of atoms. Rutherford's experiment 34 Correct answer: In 1911, the English physicist Ernest Rutherford conducted an experiment to study the composition and structure of the atom. In his experiments he used: A source of alpha particles; Very thin metal foil; A screen capable of glowing under the influence of charged particles He came to the conclusion that the atom resembles our solar system in structure. Just as the planets move around the massive Sun, the electrons in an atom move around the massive nucleus. The model of the atom created by Ernest Rutherford was called planetary.
Models of atoms. Rutherford's experience 35 Paragraph §56 (answer the questions to the paragraph). (Peryshkin A.V., Gutnik E.N. Physics 9th grade. - M.: Bustard, 2007.) Homework: Thanks for the lesson!!!
“Atomic structure” - Molecules. Henri Becquerel. Proved that the atom has a dense nucleus. J. Joseph Thomson. William Crooks. Substance. Atoms. Ernest Rutherford. In 1879 he discovered cathode rays. The number of protons in an atom is equal to the atomic number. Basic information about the structure of atoms. The nuclear charge matches the number chemical element in the periodic table.
“Atom in Physics” - Contents. When moving from orbit to orbit, an electron emits quanta. Bohr's postulates. Head: Sarkisyan A.V. Second postulate. In a stationary state, the atom does not radiate. Rutherford is known as the “father” of nuclear physics and created the planetary model of the atom. hv= IEn- EmI. Based on classical ideas about the movement of microparticles, Rutherford proposed a planetary model of the atom.
“Structure of the nucleus of an atom” - Designated -, has mass? 1a.u.m. and the charge is equal to the charge of the electron. - Particles core. 10 -12. Glass screen coated with a special substance Radioactive substance emitting - particles. 2 - 4. 17. Model of the Rutherford atom. The structure of the atom. Radioactive transformation of atomic nuclei. 16. 13 - 15.
"Atomic nucleus" - The neutron is now known to be 0.1% heavier than the proton. Nuclear forces. Chadwick's experiments. However, inside a stable nucleus, neutrons are bound to protons and do not decay spontaneously. Kernel model. Discovery of the structure of the nucleus. J. Chadwick repeated the experiment. 1932 Ivanenko and Heisenberg proposed a proton-neutron model of the atomic nucleus.
“Application of the photoelectric effect” - Application of vacuum photocells in sound cinema. Electronic manual on physics. Work output. History of the discovery and research of the photoelectric effect. Difficulties of the wave theory in explaining the photoelectric effect. PRESENTATION
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In 1911, Rutherford experimentally tested Thomson's model of the atom. Passing a beam of α particles through thin gold foil, Ernest Rutherford discovered that some of the particles deviate at a fairly significant angle from their original direction, and a small portion of the α particles are reflected from the foil. But according to Thomson’s model of the atom, these α-particles, when interacting with foil atoms, should be deflected by small angles, on the order of 2˚. The results of the experiment were so surprising to Rutherford that he exclaimed: “... it is as improbable as if you fired a fifteen-pound shell at tissue paper and the shell bounced back and killed you.” Rutherford showed that Thomson's model was in conflict with his experiments. Rutherford's main experiment
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E. Rutherford was born on August 30. 1871 in New Zealand, in a large family; He studied excellently at Canterbury College of the Humanities, University of New Zealand; 1892 - received a bachelor's degree humanities; 1894 - received a bachelor's degree in natural sciences; 1895 - Master of Arts, having passed the exams in mathematics and physics the best; 1895 - as the best student, he was sent to England to the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge under the leadership of J. Thompson; Stages of life - the “father” of nuclear physics E. Rutherford Library in Cambridge
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Rutherford was born in New Zealand in the small village of Spring Grove, located in the north of the South Island near the city of Nelson, in the family of a flax farmer. Father - James Rutherford, immigrated from Perth (Scotland). Mother - Martha Thompson, originally from Hornchurch, Essex, England. At this time, other Scots emigrated to Quebec (Canada), but the Rutherford family was not lucky and the government provided a free ship ticket to New Zealand, not to Canada. Ernest was the fourth child in a family of twelve children. He had an amazing memory, great health and strength. Sculpture of young Ernest Rutherford. Memorial in New Zealand Biography
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Rutherford's main experiment Bombardment of a thin plate of gold with α-particles K - lead container with a radioactive substance, E - screen coated with zinc sulfide, F - gold foil, M - microscope 1-atom of gold 2-α-particles
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Model of the atom At the center of the atom, like the Sun in solar system- a nucleus in which, despite its relatively small size, the entire mass of the atom is concentrated. And around it, like planets moving around the Sun, electrons revolve.
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Colleagues and students of E. Rutherford In his work and life, E. Rutherford met with many scientists: physicists, chemists, future Nobel Prize winners: Joseph John Thomson Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa Maria Sklodowska-Curie Henry Moseley James Chadwick Enrico Fermi
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Recognition by society 1914 - received the title of nobility and becomes "Sir Ernst" 1923 - President of the British Association 1925 - President of the Royal Society 1931 - Baron, Lord Rutherford of Nelson 1931 - Peerage 1933 - President of the Academic Aid Council, escaped from Germany
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Rutherford's personality continually amazed everyone who met him. He was a large man with a loud voice, boundless energy and a noticeable lack of modesty. When colleagues noted Rutherford's uncanny ability to always be "on the crest of a wave" scientific research, he immediately answered: “Why not? After all, it was I who caused the wave, wasn’t it?” Few scientists would argue with this assertion. Rutherford's personality
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Interesting facts Because of his good nature, the students nicknamed Rutherford the Crocodile. In 1931, Krokodil secured 15 thousand pounds sterling for the construction and equipment of a special laboratory building for Kapitsa. In February 1933, the grand opening of the laboratory took place in Cambridge. On the end wall of a 2-story building there was a huge crocodile carved in stone, covering the entire wall. It was commissioned by Kapitsa and made by the famous sculptor Eric Gill. Rutherford himself explained that it was him. Entrance door opened with a gilded key in the shape of a crocodile. E. Rutherford, who discovered the nucleus of the atom, spoke negatively about the prospects of nuclear energy: “Anyone who hopes that transformations of atomic nuclei will become a source of energy professes nonsense.” When Pyotr Kapitsa came to work in Cambridge for Rutherford, he told him that the laboratory staff had already staffed Then Kapitsa asked: “What permissible error do you allow in experiments?” - Usually about 3% - How many people work in the laboratory? - 30 - Then 1 person is approximately 3% of 30 Rutherford laughed and accepted Kapitsa as an “acceptable mistake.” Upon receiving news of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908, Rutherford declared: “All science is either physics or stamp collecting.” Ernest Rutherford’s great-grandson, Michael Rutherford, is known for his participation in the program. -rock band Genesis and his band Mike & the Mechanics.
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List of Internet resources http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C0%F2%EE%EC http://www.edu.delfa.net/Interest/biography/biblio.htm http://textik.ru/ citations/topic/science/? fiz.1september.ru›2006/21/12.htm http://class-izika.narod.ru/9_35.htm http://fizika.ayp.ru/9/9_1.html http://www.newreferat .com/ref-12715-1.html
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Sitnikov Arseny
This presentation tells about the life of Rutherford, his contribution to the scientific and social life of England.
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Life in Science Research project students of Municipal Educational Institution "Secondary School No. 103" 8th grade, Saratov Arkady Sitnikova, Egor Smirnova
“All science is either physics or stamp collecting” This work is dedicated to the English physicist, awarded the Nobel Prize in 1908, the founder of nuclear physics, a scientist who did a lot for the formation of the physical picture of the world - Ernest Rutherford.
Stages of the life of the English physicist - E. Rutherford, E. Rutherford was born on August 30. 1871 in New Zealand, in a large family; He studied excellently at Canterbury College of the Humanities, University of New Zealand; 1892 - received a Bachelor of Arts degree; 1894 - received a bachelor's degree in natural sciences; 1895 - Master of Arts, having passed the exams in mathematics and physics the best; 1895 - as the best student, he was sent to England to the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge under the leadership of J. Thompson; Library in Cambridge
Stages of life - the “father” of nuclear physics E. Rutherford 1897 - professor at McGill University in Montreal (Canada) 1903 - member of the Royal Society of London; 1907 - England, Victoria University in Manchester; 1919 - Professor at Cambridge University and Director of the Cavendish Laboratory; 1921 - Professor of Natural Sciences at the Royal Institution in London; 1930 - Chairman of the government advisory council of the Office of Scientific and Industrial Research; 19 October 1937 died in Cambridge and was buried in Westminster Abbey and the Arch at the entrance to the Cavendish Laboratory
Models of atoms Thomson's model of the atom - "Raisin Pudding". Rutherford's model of the atom is planetary. In the center of the atom, like the Sun in the Solar System, there is a core in which, despite its relatively small size, the entire mass of the atom is concentrated. And around it, like planets moving around the Sun, electrons revolve.
Rutherford's main experiment Bombardment of a thin plate of gold with α-particles K - lead container with a radioactive substance, E - screen coated with zinc sulfide, F - gold foil, M - microscope 1-atom of gold 2-α-particles
Results of Rutherford's experiments 1. Most particles pass through the atoms of the substance. without dissipating (as through “emptiness”); 2.with an increase in the scattering angle, the number of particles deviating from the original direction decreases sharply; 3. there are individual particles thrown back by atoms, against their initial movement (like a ball from a wall).
Colleagues and students of E. Rutherford In his work and life, E. Rutherford met with many scientists: physicists, chemists, future Nobel Prize winners: Joseph John Thomson Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa Maria Sklodowska-Curie Henry Moseley James Chadwick Enrico Fermi
Rutherford's colleagues and students Niels Bohr Otto Hahn Henri Becquerel Hans Geiger Ernest Marsden Georgy Antonovich Gamow
Recognition of society 1914 - title of nobility 1923 - President of the British Association 1925 - President of the Royal Society 1931 - title of baron, Lord Rutherford of Nelson 1931 - title of peerage 1933 - President of the Academic Council for Relief of Those Fleeing from Germany
Recognition of the scientific merits of E. Rutherford 1904 - Rumford Medal of the Royal Society of London; 1908 - Nobel Prize in Chemistry “for his research in the field of decay of elements in the chemistry of radioactive substances”; 1922 - Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London; 1926 - British Order of Merit; Corresponding Member of the Royal Society of Canada, the American Physical Society, the British Association for the Advancement of Progress, the Royal Society of Göttingen, the New Zealand Philosophical Institute, and the American Philosophical Society. Academy of Sciences of Saint Louis, Royal Society of London
The meaning of the life of Ernest Rutherford “Rutherford never made a single enemy or lost a single friend in his entire life.” (Friend's statement) “The fact that I am Lord Rutherford is more your merit than mine. Your son Ernest." (From a letter to his mother) “I have dealt with many different transformations with different periods, but the fastest of all was my own transformation in one moment from a physicist into a chemist" (from the speech at the Nobel Prize ceremony) All sciences about Nature are divided into physics and stamp collecting (from the speech of E. Rutherford)
The significance of the scientific life of Ernest Rutherford Three stages of recognition of scientific truth: the first - “this is absurd”, the second - “there is something in this”, the third - “this is well known” (E. Rutherford’s aphorism) ... every outstanding researcher contributes his name into the history of science not only with his own discoveries, but also with those discoveries to which he encourages others. (M. Planck) “Rutherford’s life represents an almost continuous chain of brilliant discoveries (Academician Yu.B. Khariton) Nuclear physics “was actually his field. scientific activity" (Patrick Blackett)
Conclusions: 1. Studying the biography of scientists is an interesting business; 2.Create a video library about great physicists in the physics classroom; 3. Make a conversation-excursion about E. Rutherford, conduct a conversation in primary and secondary classes; 4. Write to the “School Newspaper” about E. Rutherford in the section “They write and talk about them...”; 5. Speak at the CPD at school at a plenary session. Thank you for your attention
List of references and Internet resources Internet resources http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C0%F2%EE%EC http://www.edu.delfa.net/Interest/biography/biblio.htm http:// textik.ru/citations/topic/nauka / ? fiz.1september.ru›2006/21/12.htm http:// class-izika.narod.ru/9_35.htm http:// fizika.ayp.ru/9/9_1.html http://www.newreferat .com/ref-12715-1.html Literary sources Bolshoi encyclopedic dictionary. Physics / Ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1998. Chemical encyclopedic dictionary / ch. ed. I.L. Knunyants. - M.: Sov. encyclopedia, 1983. F. Fedorov. "Chain Reaction of an Idea", ed. “Knowledge”, M., 1975. T.I. Trofimova. "Physics Course", ed. "Higher School", M., 1999. "Well general physics", G.A. Zisman, O.M. Todes, ed. "Edelweiss", Kyiv, 1994.
He was one of 12 children of wheelwright and construction worker James Rutherford, a Scot, and Martha (Thompson) Rutherford. school teacher from England. First, R. attended primary and secondary local schools, and then became a scholarship student at Nelson College, a private higher school, where he showed himself to be a talented student, especially in mathematics. Thanks to his academic success, R. received another scholarship, which allowed him to enter Canterbury College in Christchurch, one of the largest cities in New Zealand.
In college, R. was greatly influenced by his teachers: E.U., who taught physics and chemistry. Bickerton and mathematician J. Cook. After R. was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1892, he remained at Canterbury College and continued his studies thanks to a scholarship in mathematics.
The next year he became a Master of Arts, having passed the exams in mathematics and physics better than anyone else. His master's thesis concerned the detection of high-frequency radio waves. In order to study this phenomenon, he designed a wireless radio receiver and used it to receive signals transmitted by colleagues from a distance of half a mile.
In 1894, R. was awarded a bachelor's degree in natural sciences. It was a tradition at Canterbury College that any student who completed an M.A. degree and remained in college was required to undertake further studies and obtain a B.S.
In Cambridge, R. worked under the guidance of the English physicist J.J. Thomson. Their collaboration resulted in significant results, including Thomson's discovery of the electron, an atomic particle that carries a negative electrical charge. Based on their research, Thomson and R. hypothesized that when X-rays pass through a gas, they destroy the atoms of the gas, releasing equal numbers of positively and negatively charged particles. They called these particles ions.
In 1911 he proposed a new model of the atom. According to his theory, which has become generally accepted today, positively charged particles are concentrated in the heavy center of the atom, and negatively charged ones (electrons) are in orbit around the nucleus, at a fairly large distance from it.
In 1919, R. moved to the University of Cambridge, becoming Thomson's successor as professor of experimental physics and director of the Cavendish Laboratory, and in 1921 he took the position of professor of natural sciences at the Royal Institution in London. In 1930, R. was appointed chairman of the government advisory council of the Office of Scientific and Industrial Research. At the top of his career, the scientist attracted many talented young physicists to work in his laboratory in Cambridge
In 1900, during a short trip to New Zealand, R. married Mary Newton, who bore him a daughter. He enjoyed good health almost until the end of his life and died in Cambridge in 1937 after a short illness. R. is buried in Westminster Abbey near the graves of Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin.
