Educational and methodological complex

Author of the program
Lyudmila Georgievna Peterson) - Russian teacher-methodologist, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Primary and Preschool Education, Leading Specialist of the Department of Strategic Design, Honorary Worker of Higher Education vocational education RF. In 2002 she was awarded the Presidential Prize Russian Federation in the field of education.

Goal: creation of an information and educational environment that ensures the inclusion of each child in independent educational activities, during which conditions are created for the reliable achievement of personal, meta-subject and subject-specific results of mastering the basic education determined by the Federal State Educational Standard educational program primary general education through the formation of universal educational activities as the basis of the leading educational competence - the ability to learn.
The purpose and objectives of the educational complex

Objectives: Achieving personal results for students: readiness and ability of students for self-development; formation of motivation for learning and cognition; understanding and acceptance of basic core values. Achieving meta-subject results for students: mastering universal educational actions (regulatory, cognitive, communicative). Achieving substantive results: mastering the experience of substantive activities to obtain new knowledge, its transformation and application based on elements of scientific knowledge, the modern scientific picture of the world.

The Perspective program ensures: accessibility of knowledge and high-quality assimilation of material; comprehensive personal development junior school student taking into account his age characteristics, interests and needs.

The fundamental principles of the complex are: The humanistic principle of historicism; the communicative principle of creative activity. This principled approach makes it possible to organize the learning process, on the one hand, for the purpose of obtaining knowledge in accordance with the requirements of the new standard, on the other hand, as a means of developing universal educational skills and personal qualities, i.e. child development and upbringing.

The educational complex is designed on the basis of unified ideological, didactic and methodological principles that are adequate to the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard for the results of mastering the basic educational program of primary general education.

All components of the educational complex “Perspective” have undergone extensive practical testing in various regions of Russia with positive results, which makes the solution of educational tasks reliable, systematic, predictable, and effective.

The educational environment of the educational complex “Perspective”, on the one hand, ensures the satisfaction of all the basic needs of children - safety, belonging, self-affirmation, and on the other hand, it actualizes the fundamental need for nurturing one’s strengths and realizing one’s potential.

System of didactic principles of teaching, upbringing and supporting the health of children 1. The principle of activity is that the student, not receiving knowledge in a ready-made form, but acquiring it himself, is aware of the content and forms of his educational activities, understands and accepts the system of its norms, actively participates in their improvement, which contributes to the successful formation of his general cultural and activity abilities, general educational skills

2. The principle of continuity - means continuity between all levels and stages of education at the level of technology, content and methods, taking into account the age and psychological characteristics of children’s development

3. The principle of integrity - involves the formation in students of a generalized systemic understanding of the world (nature, society, oneself, the sociocultural world and the world of activity, the role and place of each science in the system of sciences).

4. The minimax principle is as follows: the school must give the student the opportunity to master the content of education at the maximum level for him and at the same time ensure its absorption at the level of a socially safe minimum.

5. The principle of psychological comfort – involves the removal of all stress-forming factors of the educational process, the creation of a friendly atmosphere at school and in the classroom, focused on the implementation of the ideas of cooperation pedagogy, and the development of a dialogue form of communication.

6. The principle of variability - implies the formation in students of the ability to systematically select options and adequate decision-making in situations of choice

7. The principle of creativity means maximum focus on creativity in the educational process, creating conditions for students to acquire their own experience of creative activity.

Methodological support of teaching materials The subject content of textbooks and the system of methodological support are aimed at: Priority of understanding the text over its reproduction; cause-and-effect, analytical approach to working with text; emphasis on one’s own reasoned judgment; informal, entertaining nature of the questions; completeness of tools that develop complex skills in working with text

Perspective (from Latin perspicere to clearly see, comprehend) in fine arts a system of ways to depict space on a plane. Perspective in drawing is a way of depicting three-dimensional figures that conveys their own spatial structure and location in space. In the visual arts, perspective is used as one of artistic means to enhance the expressiveness of images.

Perspective can be linear, aerial or reverse. Linear perspective is a way of depicting the surrounding reality on a plane with the transfer of volume and depth. Linear perspective is the most traditional, because corresponds to the natural perception of the surrounding world.

Reverse perspective is a method of depiction in which the vanishing lines are directed not deep into the picture, but towards the viewer. This type of perspective was used by ancient Russian painters in icon painting and frescoes. With this projection, the center of the world was placed inside the artist and the viewer, and parallel lines converged not outside, but inside the observer. Of two identical objects, when depicting space on a plane in this system, the one turned out to be larger. which is located further from the viewer.

We see all objects below this plane, below the horizon, from above; All objects located above the horizon are visible from below. Every horizontal plane below the horizon has an upper surface; at the plane located above the horizon, we see the lower surface. All horizontal lines located below the perspective horizon, that is, visible from above, when moving away, seem to rise and approach it, but never cross it. All lines located above the horizon, moving away, seem to descend and approach it. They don't cross it.

Perspective
Presentation on
figuratively
mu
art
for grades 5-7
general education
spruce school.
Author: Serova N. Yu.
school teacher
No. 424 Kronstadt Historical background
Linear perspective
Definition and basic concepts
Frontal perspective
Laws of linear perspective
Angular perspective
Constructing perspective in an image
interior
Perspective in still life
Perspective in landscape
Horizon Line Meaning
Aerial perspective

Orthogonal painting of Ancient Egypt.
Orthogonal perspective conveys without
distortion of the contours of a real object.

Orthogonal projections did not convey depth
real space.

Ancient Russians used a special type of perspective
painters of icons and frescoes. They drew parallel
lines diverging in the distance, and not converging, i.e. in
reverse perspective.
Rublev Trinity Old Testament

Renaissance linear perspective
Perspective is the best way to convey the visible. For the Renaissance
most characteristic linear perspective. Horizon line and
The main point of the painting became the artist's most important tools.
The main point of the picture becomes the semantic center of the picture.

In Leonardo da Vinci's painting "The Last Supper" such a center is
right eye of Christ. The whole picture is built on the lines emanating from this
center. The painting has strict vertical symmetry. Leonardo yes
Vinci, like many Renaissance artists, tried not just to show
the depth of space, but also how to calculate this depth.

Found in Renaissance painting
reflection of awakening interest
to science. This brought linear
prospect of such popularity and
the title of the only correct and
infallible.
Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa

Raphael. Athens school

During the Renaissance, they were first created mathematically
strict doctrine of methods of transmitting space, calling
his system of perspective.
Pietro della Francesca "City landscape depicting
ideal city

Perspective
– perspicere - translated from
Latin means:
Plane imaging system
space and volumetric bodies.
Depending on the point of view
the appearance of any
subject. Such a change
visible shape and size
the object is called
perspective distortion or
abbreviation. Science studying
this phenomenon is called
perspective.
A. Dürer “The artist painting a portrait”
using a perspective screen.
I see clearly

Basic Concepts
The visible horizon is the line on which
earth and sky converge.
The horizon line is an imaginary straight line, conditionally
located in space at eye level of the observer.
Vanishing lines - lines forming the edges of the form
objects, taking into account their distance from the observer
Vanishing point - the point at which they connect
vanishing lines
The horizon level is the level at which
are the artist's eyes relative to what is being drawn
object, regardless of what
distance from the ground you are

Frontal perspective
construction based on 1 vanishing point

Skyline
Vanishing point

Skyline
Vanishing point

Laws of linear perspective

Parallel lines moving away from us converge in
one point located on the horizon line.

Vertical lines of the same size as they move away,
approaching the vanishing point, the distance becomes smaller
between them is reduced.
How to calculate the distance correctly?

The height of each pillar is divided in half and the middle is marked
dot. A straight line is drawn through the midpoints. From
the top point of the first column draws a line through the middle
second pillar. The intersection of this line with the lower vanishing line
will give a point from which we draw the next pillar.

. Sisley. Rue Sèvres in Louveciennes, 1873 A
Objects of the same size are depicted as different in size:
distant ones are smaller, those located closer to the viewer are larger.
Distant objects are placed on the sheet above, close ones - below.

The trees seem to be shrinking and the river is narrower
as they move away and on the horizon line they turn into a point.

I. Levitan “Autumn day. Sokolniki".

Angular perspective
Construction based on 2 vanishing points

Vanishing point
Skyline
Vanishing point

The object is located on the horizon line, in this case we do not see
top, bottom and two far sides. If the object is located closer to
to the viewer - we bring the vanishing points closer to each other and make the vanishing lines steeper.

The object is located above the line and below the horizon line, in
In this case, there are already three out of six visible sides.

We draw a perpendicular through the point of intersection of the diagonals of the end
sides of the cube On this perpendicular we mark the desired height of the top
roof points. We draw oblique lines from it - the roof slopes. Then we connect
the top point with the vanishing point. Finding the vanishing point for the far line of the ramp
roof, it, like the cube, is subject to future reductions.

Perspective in the interior

A. Venetsianov. In the artist's studio.

A. Venetsianov. Barn floor

A. Venetsianov.
Postal station.

Perspective in still life.

Perspective in landscape

S. Shchedrin. View of Naples.

S. Shchedrin Veranda entwined with grapes.

I. Levitan. Vladimirka

Horizon Line Meaning
In fine art, the horizon line is
the most important means of artistic expression.
High line
horizon
gives the opportunity to show
the depth of the distant
space, place on
there are many figures on it. We
we rise, soar above
the world and perceive
events a bit
distantly.

P. Bruegel Hunters in the Snow

A high horizon line is suitable for landscapes with
depicting endless expanses, steppes, fields, for
revealing great depth of space, shows
versatility.

Rylov. field ash

V. Van Gogh. Red vineyards in Arles

Van Gogh. Street in Sainte-Marie

Low horizon line

With the horizon passing at the bottom edge of the picture, we look at
image
from bottom to top, located almost at the base
items.
That's why
items
And
figures
acquire
majesty and solemnity. The image surprises us and
delights, and sometimes suppresses with its monumentality.

The low horizon line emphasizes the power and
the grandeur of foreground objects will express the effect
lightness, filling the landscape with air.
I. Grabar. On the lake

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Slide captions:

Vanishing Points Basics of Linear Perspective

Introduction. Frontal perspective. Angular perspective. Three-point perspective. Conclusion. Plan

In fine art, an object whose shape is based on a rectangular parallelepiped has 1, 2 or 3 vanishing points, depending on its location relative to the viewer's view and the plane of the picture

One (main) vanishing point is used in frontal perspective, when the planes forming the frame of the object are located either parallel to the plane of the catina, or perpendicular to it, that is, the object is located “directly” in relation to the view of the observer. Frontal perspective

In this situation, lines parallel to the picture plane remain parallel, and lines perpendicular to it converge at one point on the horizon line. This point is called the main vanishing point. Main vanishing point

P Frontal perspective of a cube

Frontal perspective of the room

Street perspective

The object's position relative to the horizon may vary.

Oblique (angular) perspective Angular perspective of an object occurs when the object is located on a horizontal plane, but rotated relative to the plane of the picture.

Oblique (angular) perspective In oblique perspective only vertical lines maintain parallelism, while the rest converge towards the horizon. The result is two bundles of lines converging at the corresponding two vanishing points.

Here, a different position of the object relative to the horizon line is also possible.

Vanishing points are located on the horizon line. The distance between them depends on the distance from the observer to the plane of the picture. The further away the observer is, the further away the vanishing points are.

The perception of objects depends on the distance between vanishing points

1. If you place distant vanishing points close enough to each other, you get the feeling that objects are threatening you - the impression is rather dramatic. 2. A more "normal" appearance is created if one of the vanishing points (or both) extends beyond the boundaries of the drawing. 3. The further the vanishing points move apart, the less visible distortion the viewer will see in the finished drawing. Explanation for the previous slide

Angular perspective of the interior

Street corner perspective

In real drawing, there are usually mixed options: some objects are located frontally, others at different angles

In such situations, various auxiliary vanishing points are used for a specific object

Three vanishing points This perspective is used when the object is not only at an angle to the observer, but also on an inclined surface relative to the direction of the observer's gaze (or the observer's gaze is at an angle to the surface of the earth).

Often a third vanishing point is needed to depict high-rise buildings from below or from a “bird’s eye view.”

This perspective is called three-point perspective. IN English when the third vanishing point is at the top, the term Worm's Eye perspective is used. Worm's Eye (literally) - the look of a worm. Compare: in Russian there is a term “frog perspective”, meaning an image with a very low horizon line, when objects “rise” above the observer.

In fine art, an object whose shape is based on a rectangular parallelepiped has 1, 2 or 3 vanishing points, depending on its location relative to the viewer's view and the plane of the picture. In frontal and angular perspective, the vanishing points lie on the horizon line; in three-point perspective, one of the points is at the top or bottom of the picture (usually outside it). When depicting various objects, mixed options are usually encountered: some objects are located frontally, others at different angles. In such situations, various auxiliary vanishing points are used for a specific object. Let's sum it up

Thank you for your attention!

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Development for a fine arts lesson on the topic “Rules of linear and aerial perspective” includes a detailed lesson plan and a presentation with visual material....

Terminological dictation "Image of volume on a plane and linear perspective. Lighting" (6th grade)

Terminological dictation for 6th grade in fine arts consists of 20 questions covering topics on linear perspective, lighting....

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Presentation on the topic: Perspective in the visual arts

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What is perspective? Perspective (French perspective from Latin perspicio - I see clearly) - 1. The phenomenon of apparent distortion of the proportions and shapes of bodies during their visual observation. For example, two parallel rails appear to converge on the horizon at two points (in front and behind the observer) 2. A method of depicting volumetric bodies on a plane, conveying their own spatial structure and location in space. In fine art it is possible various applications perspective, which is used as one of the artistic means that enhances the expressiveness of images.

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History of the concept of perspective Direct linear perspective, familiar to modern people, is the fruit of the long development of the human mind. Some researchers note that initially a person understands the reverse perspective more clearly (for example, children, or representatives of tribes cut off from modern civilization).

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Tonal perspective: Tonal perspective is a concept of painting technique, a way of conveying the light and shadow and coloristic (rather than linear) qualities of depicted objects. Tonal perspective is a change in the color and tone of an object, a change in its contrast characteristics towards reduction, muting as it moves deeper into space. The principles of tonal perspective were first substantiated by Leonardo da Vinci. In some cases, tonal perspective refers to a type of image that can occur when an object is depicted from a great height or from below. Tonal perspective is characterized by the presence of a vanishing point for vertical edges located below or above the horizon line.

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Direct linear perspective A type of perspective designed for a fixed point of view and assuming a single vanishing point on the horizon line (objects decrease proportionally as they move away from the foreground). The theory of linear perspective first appeared with Ambrogio Lorenzetti in the 14th century, and again it was developed during the Renaissance (Brunelleschi, Alberti), was based on simple laws of optics and was excellently confirmed by practice. The mapping of space onto a plane, first with a simple camera obscura with a simple hole (stenope), and then with a lens, is completely subject to the laws of linear perspective. Direct perspective has long been recognized as the only true reflection of the world in the picture plane.

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Direct linear perspective Taking into account the fact that linear perspective is an image built on a plane, the plane can be positioned vertically, obliquely and horizontally, depending on the purpose of the perspective images. The vertical plane on which images are constructed using linear perspective is used when creating paintings (easel painting) and wall panels (on the wall indoors or outside the house, mainly at its ends). The construction of perspective images on inclined planes is used in monumental painting - painting on inclined friezes inside palace buildings and cathedrals.

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Direct linear perspective On an inclined picture in easel painting, perspective images of tall buildings from a close distance or architectural objects of the city landscape from a bird's eye view are constructed. The construction of perspective images on a horizontal plane is used when painting ceilings (plafonds). For example, mosaic images on the oval lampshades of the Mayakovskaya metro station by artist A. A. Deineka are known. Images constructed in perspective on the horizontal plane of the ceiling are called ceiling perspective. Linear perspective on horizontal and inclined planes has some features, in contrast to images in a vertical picture. Nowadays, the use of direct linear perspective dominates. To a greater extent due to the greater “realism” of such an image and in particular due to the use of this type of projection in 3D games

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Reverse linear perspective A type of perspective used in Byzantine and Old Russian painting, in which the depicted objects appear to increase in size as they move away from the viewer, the picture has several horizons and points of view, and other features. When depicted in reverse perspective, objects expand as they move away from the viewer, as if the center of convergence of lines is not on the horizon, but inside the viewer himself. Reverse perspective forms a holistic symbolic space, oriented towards the viewer and suggesting his spiritual connection with the world of symbolic images. Consequently, the reverse perspective meets the task of embodying supersensible sacred content in a visible, but devoid of material concrete form. Since under normal conditions the human eye perceives images in forward perspective and not in reverse perspective, the phenomenon of reverse perspective has been studied by many specialists.

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Reverse linear perspective Among the reasons for its appearance, the simplest and most obvious to critics was the inability of artists to depict the world as the observer sees it. Therefore, such a perspective system was considered an erroneous technique, and the perspective itself was considered false. However, such a definition is not scientific, since according to the results of studies of images produced by the human eye and transformed by the brain proposed by academician Rauschenbach, any perspective is scientific, since it has a strict mathematical description, that is, it is mathematically equivalent. Reverse perspective arose in late antiquity and medieval art(miniature, icon, fresco, mosaic) both in Western European and Byzantine countries. Interest in reverse perspective in theory (P. A. Florensky) and artistic practice increased in the 20th century due to the revival of interest in symbolism and the medieval artistic heritage.

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Axonometry (from the Greek axon - axis and metreo - I measure) is one of the types of perspective, based on the method of projection (obtaining a projection of an object on a plane), with the help of which spatial bodies are visually depicted on a paper plane. Axonometry is otherwise called parallel perspective. Like reverse perspective, it was considered imperfect for a long time and, therefore, axonometric images were perceived as a handicraft method of depiction that was forgivable in distant eras and did not have a serious scientific basis. However, when conveying the visible appearance of close and small objects, the most natural image is obtained precisely when turning to axonometry.

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Spherical perspective A type of perspective where there are several points of view; There is also a tilt of the vertical axes towards the center and a rotation of the planes towards the foreground. Spherical distortions can be observed on spherical mirror surfaces. In this case, the viewer's eyes are always in the center of the reflection on the ball. This is the position of the main point, which is not really tied to either the horizon level or the main vertical. When depicting objects in spherical perspective, all depth lines will have a vanishing point at the main point and will remain strictly straight. The main vertical and the horizon line will also be strictly straight. All other lines will bend more and more as they move away from the main point, finally transforming into a circle. Each line that does not pass through the center, being extended, is a semi-ellipse.