Accounting for VAT. Accounting entries for VAT (accounting) when transferring to the budget. Principles of tax accounting for VAT

All transactions performed by the company are reflected in special programs in accordance with established rules. Accounting for VAT in accounting should reflect the real state of affairs in the company. Errors made when generating entries, distortions of amounts and other “oversights” will attract the attention of fiscal authorities during an audit and may lead to the imposition of monetary fines and other sanctions.

To reflect transactions related to value added tax in accounting, two main accounts are used:

• 68 (VAT subaccount) – tax calculations;
• 19 – VAT on purchased assets.

When a company purchases goods and services, it transfers to the supplier an amount of value increased by the amount of tax (by 18% or 10%). This creates input VAT, which will later be used to calculate the amount of obligations to the budget. To reflect it, a wiring is formed:

D 19 – K 60 (K 760).

Within five days from the date of shipment, the supplier must issue an invoice to the buyer. Having received the confirming document, the latter generates an accounting entry:

D 68 – K 19.

The buyer himself, who has prepared an invoice for the client, must carry out the corresponding operations in the accounting program:

D 90 – K 68 – for VAT on goods (services) in the main line of activity.

D 91 – K 68 – for the implementation of values ​​in additional areas of work. For example, such wiring can be used by a company that is engaged in trade and “earns money” by renting out an office.

VAT accounting in 2016 in terms of settlements with the budget

According to the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the reporting period for VAT is set to a quarter. Over the course of three months, the organization carries out business transactions and makes entries in the accounting program that reflect them. A balance is formed on account 68, which shows the company's tax debt to the state treasury. In fact, this is the difference between input and output VAT.

If the loan turnover exceeds the debit turnover, the organization must pay the delta to the budget, if on the contrary, it has the right to submit documents to receive compensation from the state.

The transfer of tax to the budget is reflected by the following posting:

D 68 – K 51.

The law obliges taxpayers to remit VAT no later than the 25th day of the month following the quarter. If it doesn't fit into established deadlines, penalties are charged on the amount of debt. It is important to take into account that the costs of paying them cannot be included as part of the costs for calculating income tax.

The accrual of penalties is reflected by the posting:

D 99 – K 68.

The transfer of penalties to the budget is shown as:

D 68 – K 51.

Tax agent VAT accounting

In a number of situations, a company has an agency relationship for VAT. She is obliged to calculate the amount of tax for a third party and transfer the resulting amount to the budget.

Liabilities tax agent occur when:

• purchasing goods (services) from a foreigner on the territory of the Russian Federation;
• rental (purchase) of real estate from state and local authorities;
• sale of property in court, etc.

To determine the amount of tax to be paid, the company needs to multiply the cost of goods (services) specified in the contract by a rate of 18/118 or 10/110 (depending on the type of product).

To reflect the completed purchase and fulfillment of agency obligations, the organization must use the following group of transactions:

• D 20 – K 60 – acceptance for accounting of purchased valuables (excluding VAT);
• D 19 – K 60 – VAT calculation;
• D 60 – K 68 – withholding VAT from a foreign counterparty;
• D 68 – K 51 – transfer of tax to the treasury.

Correct accounting of VAT and timely payment of tax to the budget is a legislative obligation of taxpayers. Failure to comply with established rules and incorrect reflection of amounts lead to problems with fiscal authorities, lengthy proceedings and the imposition of penalties.

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In accounting, reflect VAT calculations on account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees” (Instructions for the chart of accounts). To do this, open a sub-account “VAT Calculations” for account 68.

VAT calculations include:

• VAT calculation;

• reflection of input tax;

• acceptance of VAT for deduction;

• tax restoration;

• payment of VAT;

• tax refund.

The procedure for calculating VAT in accounting depends on which transactions the tax is calculated on:

• on sale (free transfer);

• on advances received for upcoming deliveries;

• for goods (works, services) transferred for own needs;

• for construction and installation work performed for own consumption;

• for transactions for which the organization charges VAT as a tax agent;

• on unconfirmed exports;

• on import.

Implementation

Reflect the accrual of VAT on sales in correspondence with the account on which the amounts of proceeds from sales (other income) from which the tax was calculated are recorded:

Debit 90-3 (91-2) Credit 68 subaccount “VAT calculations”

- VAT is charged on the sale of goods (work, services, property rights).

If the seller (contractor) receives an advance payment for upcoming deliveries, within five calendar days he is obliged to issue an invoice to the buyer (customer) and charge VAT on the amount received (clause 3 of Article 168 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation):

Debit 76 subaccount “Calculations for VAT on advances received” Credit 68 subaccount “Calculations for VAT”

- VAT is charged on the advance received for future deliveries.

When shipping goods (performing work, providing services) on account of the advance received, as well as when terminating the contract and returning the advance to the buyer (customer), the seller (contractor) deducts the VAT previously accrued on the advance (clauses 8 and 5 of Article 171 of the Tax Code RF):

Debit 68 subaccount “Calculations for VAT” Credit 76 subaccount “Calculations for VAT from advances received”

- VAT previously accrued on the advance received has been accepted for deduction.

This procedure follows from the Instructions for the chart of accounts (account 68).

Situation: How to reflect in accounting the amount of VAT charged to the buyer when selling goods (own products), if the ownership of these goods (own products) has not transferred to the buyer?

Reflect VAT on a separate sub-account opened to account 76.

When determining tax base for transactions subject to VAT, it does not matter when ownership of the shipped goods (own products) passes to the buyer. If the contract provides for a special procedure for the transfer of ownership (for example, after payment), and shipment precedes payment, then VAT is charged at the time of shipment. The day of shipment is the date of the first date of preparation primary document, which is registered in the name of the buyer (letters of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 1, 2012 No. 03-07-08/55, dated January 13, 2012 No. 03-07-11/08, Federal Tax Service of Russia dated February 28, 2006 No. MM- 6-03/202). As a rule, such a document is an invoice (for example, a consignment note in the TORG-12 form).

The procedure for reflecting in accounting the amounts of VAT charged to the buyer on goods (own products), the ownership of which has not been transferred to him, is not regulated by law. In this regard, the organization can independently develop such a procedure (paragraph 9 of the Instructions for the chart of accounts). Since it is impossible to reflect the accrual of VAT on account 90 “Sales” in this case (subparagraph “d”, paragraph 12 of PBU 9/99), use account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” for this. You can open separate sub-accounts for this account, for example:

• subaccount “VAT on goods, the ownership of which is transferred to the buyer in a special manner”;

• subaccount “VAT on products, the ownership of which is transferred to the buyer in a special manner.”

Then, when shipping goods (products), make a note:

Debit 76 subaccount “VAT on goods (products), the ownership of which is transferred to the buyer in a special manner” Credit 68 subaccount “VAT calculations”

- VAT is charged on goods (products), the ownership of which is transferred to the buyer in a special manner.

After the buyer pays for the goods (products) and the ownership of them is transferred to him, write off the accrued amount of VAT to the debit of account 90-3 (91-2):

Debit 90-3 (91-2) Credit 76 subaccount “VAT on goods (products), the ownership of which is transferred to the buyer in a special manner”

- VAT is reflected on sales proceeds.

An example of reflecting in accounting the amount of VAT accrued upon the sale of products under an agreement with a special procedure for the transfer of ownership

LLC “Production Company “Master”” sold a batch of products to LLC “Alpha” on July 20. Selling price - 354,000 rubles. (including VAT - 54,000 rubles). Product cost - 200,000 rubles. According to the agreement, ownership of the products passes to Alpha at the time of payment. Alpha paid for the shipped products on August 6.

The following entries were made in the “Master’s” accounting.

Debit 45 Credit 43
- 200,000 rub. - reflects the cost of finished products shipped to the buyer;

Debit 76 subaccount “VAT on products, the ownership of which is transferred to the buyer in a special manner” Credit 68 subaccount “VAT calculations”
- 54,000 rub. - VAT is charged on the cost of shipped products.

Debit 51 Credit 62
- 354,000 rub. - payment received from the buyer;

Debit 62 Credit 90-1
- 354,000 rub. - revenue from sales is reflected;

Debit 90-2 Credit 45
- 200,000 rub. - the cost of shipped products is written off;

Debit 90-3 Credit 76 subaccount “VAT on products, the ownership of which is transferred to the buyer in a special manner”
- 54,000 rub. - VAT is reflected on sales proceeds.

Free transfer

Reflect the accrual of VAT upon gratuitous transfer by posting:

- VAT is charged on the free transfer of goods (work, services).

When transferring goods (work, services) for your own needs, the costs of which are not taken into account when calculating income tax, reflect the accrual of VAT by posting:

Debit 91-2 Credit 68 subaccount “VAT calculations”

- VAT is charged on the transfer of goods (work, services) for one’s own needs.

The accrual of VAT when performing construction and installation work for your own consumption is reflected by posting:

- VAT is charged when performing construction and installation work for own consumption.

This procedure follows from the Instructions for the chart of accounts (accounts 19, 68, 91-2).

Import

Reflect the accrual of VAT on imports by posting:

Debit 19 Credit 68 subaccount “VAT calculations”

- VAT is charged on import.

Unconfirmed export

Reflect the accrual of VAT on unconfirmed export supplies by posting:

Debit 19 subaccount “VAT on unconfirmed export supplies” Credit 68 subaccount “VAT calculations”

- VAT is charged on unconfirmed exports.

If the export is subsequently confirmed, then the previously accrued tax is subject to refund (paragraph 2, paragraph 9, article 165 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Reflect this with wiring:

Debit 68 subaccount “Calculations for VAT” Credit 19 subaccount “VAT on unconfirmed export supplies”

- VAT accrued at a rate of 10 or 18 percent on unconfirmed export supplies is accepted for deduction.

If export is not confirmed within three years after the sale of goods, then previously accrued VAT is written off as expenses and reduces taxable profit (letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 27, 2015 No. 03-03-06/1/42961, resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation dated April 9, 2013 No. 15047/12):

Debit 91-2 Credit 19 subaccount “VAT on unconfirmed export supplies”

- VAT paid to the budget on an unconfirmed export supply is written off.

For more information on the calculation and refund of VAT on unconfirmed export supplies, seeWhat to do if export VAT has not been confirmed .

Tax agents

If an organization performs the duties of a tax agent for VAT, document the tax withholding from amounts due to the seller (lessor) using the following entries:

Debit 19 Credit 60

- VAT presented by the seller (lessor) is taken into account;

Debit 60 Credit 68 subaccount “VAT calculations”

- VAT withheld by the tax agent.

If VAT is transferred to the budget at your own expense, make the following entries:

Debit 19 Credit 68 subaccount “VAT calculations”

- reflects the amount of VAT payable by the tax agent at his own expense;

Debit 68 subaccount “VAT calculations” Credit 51

- VAT is transferred at the expense of own funds.

If an organization performs the duties of a tax agent when selling goods (work, services, property rights) to foreign organizations (not registered for tax purposes in Russia) under agreements of agency, commission or agency agreements, make the following entries in accounting:

Debit 62 Credit 76

- goods (work, services, property rights) belonging to a foreign organization are sold;

Debit 51 Credit 62

- payment has been received for goods (work, services, property rights);

Debit 76 Credit 68 subaccount “VAT calculations”

- VAT is withheld from the income of a foreign organization.

This order follows from the Instructions for the chart of accounts (accounts 19, 62, 68, 76).

Input VAT

Input VAT amounts presented by suppliers when purchasing goods (works, services, property rights) should be reflected by posting:

Debit 19 Credit 60

- VAT presented by the supplier is taken into account.

Reflect the deduction of input VAT amounts by posting:

Debit 68 subaccount “VAT calculations” Credit 19

- accepted for VAT deduction.

In some cases, input VAT amounts cannot be deducted. The tax must be included in the cost of the acquired property (work, services) (clause 8 of PBU 6/01, clause 8 of PBU 14/2007).

See more details. When should input VAT be included in the cost of purchased property? .

This procedure follows from the Instructions for the chart of accounts (accounts 19, 68).

Simplified organizations that do not have the right to deduct VAT may not reflect the amount of input tax in account 19. Such a rule, based on the requirement of rationality, should be written down in accounting policy for accounting purposes (clauses 6, 7 PBU 1/2008).

Situation: How to reflect input VAT in accounting if its amount (part of the amount) will be included in the cost of goods (work, services)?

Possible various options depending on the use of purchased goods (works, services).

At the time of purchasing goods, works, services, VAT allocated in the invoice is taken into account on account 19. This conclusion follows from the Instructions for the chart of accounts. There, in particular, it says that account 19 takes into account the VAT paid or payable to the supplier. Therefore, when purchasing goods, works, services (property rights), make the following entries in accounting:

Debit 10 (08, 44, 20, 26...) Credit 60 (76)

- reflects the receipt of materials, goods, works, services, etc.;

Debit 19 Credit 60 (76)

- reflected the VAT presented by the supplier.

The moment when an organization can include the cost of VAT in the composition of goods, works, services, fixed assets depends on the reason why VAT is taken into account in the cost of property (works, services). For example, if an organization uses an acquired fixed asset in two types of activities (taxable and non-VATable), then input VAT, which must be included in the initial cost of the property, can only be determined upon completion tax period(clause 9 of article 274, clause 4 of article 170 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). At this point, the organization will make the posting:

Debit 08 Credit 19

- input VAT is included in the initial cost of the property.

If an organization, for example, is engaged only in retail trade, transferred to UTII, then VAT can be written off from account 19 on the increase in the cost of goods on the day of their purchase.

VAT transactions must be reflected accordingly in accounting and tax accounting. In this article we will tell you how to correctly reflect transactions for calculating value added tax, and also understand some of the features of VAT accounting.

Accounting for VAT in accounting: basic rules

Calculations for payments to the relevant budgets should be reflected in a special accounting account 68. In terms of calculations for the value added tax liability (VAT), a separate sub-account “VAT” is created for account 68.

According to the credit of account 68, the accounting records should reflect the amounts of tax liabilities accrued, that is, subject to transfer to the appropriate budget of Russia. And the debit of this account records the amounts of payments made, that is, taxes paid. Also in the debit of the account. 68 should reflect the amounts reimbursed from the budget.

In addition to the account 68, to reflect accounting entries for input VAT, special account 19 “VAT on acquired values” is used. Input tax is generated when purchasing goods, products, works and services, the cost of which already includes data tax obligations. Consequently, the debit of account 19 reflects the amount of tax liabilities of the DS, taken into account in the purchase price. And then the tax liability is presented as a deduction from the budget and is credited in correspondence with account 68.

For example, Vesna LLC purchased materials in the amount of 100,000 rubles, including BUT DS 10,000 rubles. At the same time, Vesna LLC sold products worth 200,000 rubles. A tax of 20% is charged - 40,000 rubles.

Records compiled:

Then the accountant checks the turnover on account 68.

According to the conditions of our example, Vesna LLC accrued 40,000 rubles to the non-accounting insurance company in the reporting period, and claimed 10,000 rubles for deduction. Consequently, only 30,000 rubles (40,000 - 10,000) are subject to payment to the budget.

Let us consider the rules for reflecting these tax obligations in more detail.

We reflect VAT when purchasing assets

To carry out its activities, the company needs to purchase works, products, services and raw materials (fuel, lubricants, public utilities, building materials, household goods, etc.). The cost of some material assets already includes tax obligations under the VA; therefore, in order to avoid multiple taxation of goods, the buyer has the right to deduct VAT by posting the transaction in accounting.

Typical accounting entries:

Please note that the cases in which VAT should be restored are strictly regulated in clauses 1-4, 6 of clause 3 Article 170 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. The legislation does not provide for reservations or exceptions.

Accounting for VAT on sales: postings

The activities of any commercial company are aimed at obtaining economic benefits - profit. To achieve this key goal, the company sells manufactured products, performs any work or provides services.

Sales and sales operations must include value added tax in their cost. However, there are exceptions: .

Typical accounting entries.

VAT – indirect tax, which is a premium to the price of products (work, conv.atgi), paid by the end consumer.

VAT payable to the supplier (contractor) is recorded on the account 19 “Day taxOadded value for acquired assets” (A). By debit of account 19 tax amounts paid to suppliers and contractors on purchased inventory items, work performed, services rendered are reflected, on loan– tax write-off for reimbursement from the budget. Balance invoice shows the amount of VAT that has not yet been debited from the account.

For the purchasing company basis to accept the VAT amount on account 19 is invoice, which is drawn up by the seller for the products sold (work performed, services rendered). The invoice must be correctly formatted, and the amount of VAT in it must be allocated OTa sensible line.

The following entries are made in accounting:

D 10 (08, 41) – material assets received from the supplier were capitalized

and at the same time:

D 19 – VAT on capitalized assets is taken into account

Likewise:

D 20 (23, 26, 44, . . .) – the cost of work performed is taken into account in production costs

K 60 (76) (services provided)

and at the same time:

D 19 – accepted for accounting for VAT indicated in the contractor’s invoice

It is important that if the supplier’s invoice shows the VAT amount not highlighted, then her raWiththey are not allocated in an even way. At the same time, the cost of purchased goods and materials, including the estimated VAT on them, is accounted for in accounts 10, 08, 41, etc. for the full amount presented invoice with subsequent write-off for production costs. If VAT is not included in the price of the goods, then an inscription or stamp is made in the accompanying documents “No tax (VAT).”

Write off VAT from account 19.

The VAT amounts recorded on account 19 can be:

1) accepted for deduction (reimbursement) from the budget;

2) written off as an increase in the cost of purchased goods and materials (works, services)

3) written off from targeted funds.

Let's consider each of these cases.

1st case. VAT is accepted for deduction from the budget if AT A TIME the following are performed THREEUSLOVIA:

1. For purchased assets (works, services) I have an invoice, in which indicated amount nAlog.
2. Acquired values capitalized on the balance sheet enterprises (work completed, services provided).
3. Valuables (works, services) were acquired to carry out operations, subject to VAT.

If at least one of these conditions is not met, VAT is not deducted, but is attributed to the increase in the cost of purchased assets (work, services).

The amount of VAT claimed for reimbursement from the budget is called a tax deduction. In order to produce tax deduction, it is necessary to complete an operation to write off the amount of “input” VAT from the credit of account 19 to the debit of account 68 (to a separate sub-account “VAT Calculations”):

D 68 – a) accepted for deduction of VAT on acquired assets (work performed,

To 19 services provided)

b) a tax deduction has been made

If an enterprise receives the right to a tax deduction, then it transfers to the budget only difference between the amount of VAT that must be paid to the budget on revenue and the amount of “input” VAT.

2nd case. If the enterprise intends to use the acquired values ​​(works, services) to carry out activities, which is not subject to VAT, then the tax amount is not deductible. It is written off as an increase in the cost of purchased assets (work, services):

D 10 (08, 41, 20, . . .) – the amount of VAT on purchased assets (work, services) is written off

3rd case. If material assets were purchased at the expense of targeted funds, then in commercheskoe organization VAT is written off by posting

D 91 – the amount of VAT is written off from targeted funds

Value added tax is not an absolute charge. A number of business activities are subject to it, while others are exempt from VAT. An organization can do both at the same time. There are also frequent cases when a company has several tax regimes in effect simultaneously, for example, general and UTII, general and patent.

In such cases, maintain accounting and financial records for such types of activities or tax systems need separately. The main thing is to choose the optimal method for this. Let's consider the principles of maintaining separate accounting for value added tax.

If you don't keep separate records

Separate accounting for VAT is mandatory for a company in the following cases:

• in the parallel conduct of taxable and non-taxable activities;
• when using two tax regimes at once;
• when providing services of both a commercial nature and those whose prices are regulated by the state;
• when working under government contracts;
• when combining commercial and non-commercial activities.

ATTENTION! The first case also includes accounting for “input” VAT for goods (works, services) purchased within the framework of different types activities (taxable and non-taxable). This applies not only to objects, but also intangible assets(Paragraph 5, Clause 4, Article 170 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

If an economic entity does not introduce separate accounting in these cases, it loses the rights to:

• VAT deductions;
• reduction of the income tax base by the amount of VAT (clause 4 of Article 170 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation);
• tax benefits (clause 4 of article 149 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Exceptions: when there is no need to separate accounting

It is better for an entrepreneur to know when keeping separate records makes no practical sense, because without the need to increase the labor costs of the accounting department, it is unprofitable.

There are certain legally established situations in which separate accounting may not be maintained even if the above conditions are met. These include trading outside Russian Federation(domestic organization operates territorially in another state). In this case, the services provided or goods sold are not the basis for calculating VAT.

IMPORTANT! In this case, reporting is carried out in accordance with the requirements of domestic legislation, however, it is recommended that the contract additionally indicate the place of sale of goods or provision of services (to reduce the likelihood of complications during inspections).

However, if an enterprise wants to keep separate records in cases where this is not provided for by law, no one will have anything against it. The purpose of such accounting can be not only purely commercial (providing VAT for deduction), but also informational, for example, detailing management data. Separate accounting in such situations is a voluntary right of any organization.

5% threshold

This is another rule that justifies the optional division of input VAT. It is justified in paragraph 9 of paragraph 4 of Art. 170 Tax Code of the Russian Federation. This rule can only be applied by those who have VAT benefits that are timely (quarterly) confirmed.

The 5% rule says: Input VAT may not be taken into account separately if the costs of operations supported by benefits do not exceed 5% of general production costs. In this case, it is allowed to deduct the entire input VAT without including it in the cost of goods, works, and services.

ATTENTION! The 5% rule does not apply to separate accounting of income - it is mandatory to maintain it under appropriate conditions.

If an enterprise conducts only non-taxable transactions and purchases goods (work or services) from another party, the 5% rule is not applicable for this situation: VAT cannot be deducted on these acquisitions (Decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated October 12, 2016 No. 305-KG16- 9537 in case No. A40-65178/2015).

For a long time, the application of the 5% rule for UTII payers was controversial - the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation in a letter dated July 8, 2005 No. 03-04-11/143 and the Federal Tax Service in a letter dated May 31, 2005 No. 03-1-03/897/8@ approved that the 5% threshold does not apply to this tax regime. But judicial precedent put an end to this issue, and the Federal Tax Service changed its position, reflecting this in letter dated February 17, 2010 No. 3-1-11/117@).

5% threshold in trading activities

The above rule speaks primarily about production costs. But a considerable proportion of organizations and entrepreneurs are not manufacturers, but taxpayers-merchants conducting trading activities. Will this rule be valid for trade?

The Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, in a letter dated January 29, 2008 No. 03-07-11/37, allowed the 5% threshold to be extended to trade operations, but did not definitely establish this, but only indicated this possibility.

Meanwhile, there are arbitration precedents establishing the refusal of separate accounting due to the “5% rule” for trading activities. The reason is simple: trade, be it wholesale or retail, is not production; “production” accounts are not used to reflect its operations in accounting.

Accuracy of accounting policies for VAT accounting

The organization is authorized to choose the system for introducing separate accounting. Naturally, the adopted standards should be recorded in the accounting policy (clause 2 of article 11 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

But there may be some incidents that should be taken into account related to VAT benefits and the 5% rule. It is not known exactly how costs will be distributed across activities. This will only be clear based on the results of the quarter. What if the 5% threshold is exceeded and separate accounting was not maintained? You will have to restore it, and in some cases also adjust tax returns, which is expensive and inconvenient. Therefore, you need to make a decision whether to stipulate this norm in the accounting policy or not, and if not, then not to use it, even if such a threshold does arise.

Accounting policies are established for a one-year period. But what if an organization has VAT-free activities after it has been submitted to the tax authorities? Give up the opportunity to save money by avoiding separate accounting? No, it can be formulated and provided addition to accounting policy: this will not be considered a change in it, because such transactions arose for the first time, and at the beginning of the reporting period they were not provided for (clause 16 of PBU 1/98 “Accounting policies of the organization”, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 9, 1998 No. 60n) .

NOTE! The accounting policy should list the types of activities that the organization is engaged in: separately - taxable and non-taxable VAT.

Accounts for separate accounting

Information about the processes of accounting for income/expenses including VAT must be displayed on different accounting accounts, namely:

• According to PBU, income from transactions not subject to VAT must be taken into account in accounts 90.01. “Revenue” and 91.01 “Other income”;
• Input VAT for transactions subject to VAT should be reflected in account 19 “Value added tax on acquired assets.”

Calculation of proportions when maintaining separate accounting

Under proportion here we mean determining the share of input VAT that falls on taxable and non-taxable transactions. It must be calculated to determine what share of VAT (as a percentage) can be deducted. Expenses need to be grouped:

• expenses for activities subject to VAT;
• expenses for non-VAT-taxable transactions;
• other costs that are difficult to unambiguously attribute to the first or second group.

Formula for calculating the proportion of VAT on taxable transactions:

Far East Region = (In Region_VAT + Dpr Region_VAT / In_VAT + Dpr_VAT) x 100%, Where:

• Far East Region– share of revenue from taxable transactions for the accounting period;
• In the region _VAT– revenue from taxable sales excluding VAT;
• DPR Region _VAT– other income from taxable transactions excluding VAT;
• V_VAT– total sales revenue excluding VAT;
• DPR_VAT– other income excluding VAT for all transactions.

All indicators are taken into account without VAT so that the cost of non-taxable transactions is comparable to preferential ones.

PLEASE NOTE! The accounting period for VAT is a quarter, which means that the proportion must be calculated quarterly.

To calculate the share of non-VAT-taxable transactions, the same principle of proportion is applied, only the ratio of revenue from non-VAT-taxable transactions to the total amount for the accounting period is sought.

The third group, mixed, is not required to be distributed for separate accounting purposes. It’s easier to attribute it all to either the first or second operations.

What if there is temporarily no income?

In practice, sometimes there are certain periods when the company does not conduct business operations that generate income, while expenses are still incurred. This is often observed, for example, among newly registered organizations. It happens that among expenses transactions there are both VAT taxable and preferential ones. Is it necessary to divide such expenses in accounting? After all, there was no actual sale of goods and services.

Until 2015, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation allowed in such cases to neglect separate accounting due to the lack of transactions with VAT benefits. However, in 2015, he voiced a different position regulating separate VAT accounting in such “non-shipment” periods.

Borrowing operations and separate accounting

Providing loans, selling securities and other similar transactions are subject to VAT. A significant nuance in calculating the proportion for such operations is the indicator of income amounts, which is key in the formula. For operations of one type or another, it will have a different composition, which is influenced by the current provisions of federal legislation. Federal Law No. 420 of December 28, 2013 proposes that for transactions with securities not subject to VAT, the following amount should be considered income:

D = C r – R pr, Where:

• D – tax-free income;
• Tsr – selling price of securities (according to the provisions of Article 280 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation);
• R pr – expenses for the acquisition of these securities (and/or sale).

If the difference is less than 0 (that is, there will be a loss), then the income is not taken into account.

Proportional calculation method to separate taxable and non-taxable transactions in this situation, it involves calculating the ratio between the cost of all goods sold (both in Russia and abroad) and the item of interest. The amount of income will also include:

• the entity's revenue;
• the cost of its fixed assets;
• his non-operating income.

Currently, there is no consensus on the need to maintain separate accounting for borrowing transactions. However, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation is increasingly inclined to this position due to the introduction of significant changes to the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Posting input VAT on preferential activities

In accounting, input VAT will be reflected in account 19 (different subaccounts are used for different transactions). This is what the wiring will look like:

• debit 41 “Goods”, credit 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” - reflection of the receipt of goods from the supplier excluding VAT;
• debit 19 “VAT on acquired values”, credit 60 - allocation of VAT, which can subsequently be deducted;
• debit 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees”, credit 19 - acceptance of input VAT for deduction;
• debit 41, credit 19 - reflection of VAT for non-taxable transactions and included in the cost of the purchased product (service, work).

Depending on the type of activity of the company, you need to use along with account 41 “Goods” and other accounts - 10 “Materials”, 23 “Auxiliary production”, 25 “General production expenses”, 26 “General expenses”, 29 “Service production and facilities” and other.

Cost comparison example

The company produces children's shoes, including medical orthopedic boots, the sale of which is exempt from taxation. The accounting records reflect direct costs for the production of autumn boots on account 20 “Direct expenses” - on the sub-account “Boots” and “Orthopedists”. During the reporting quarter, direct production expenses of the enterprise amounted to RUB 9,000,000. (of which 600,000 for boots and 200,000 for orthopedic shoes), general business expenses were also incurred - 4,000,000 rubles, and general production expenses - 3,000,000 rubles.

Let's calculate the cost ratio to determine whether this case falls under the 5% rule. 600,000 / (9,000,000 + 4,000,000 + 3,000,000) x 100% = 3.7%. Since the threshold turned out to be less than the coveted 5%, the accounting department may not keep separate records for input VAT, presenting for deduction the entire amount of value added tax billed by suppliers.

But in tax return it will be necessary to reflect the direct cost of production with tax benefits - 200,000 rubles.

Checking the correct distribution of expenses

In modern practice, accounting calculations are carried out using special software. The calculation of the proportion for separate accounting is also automated. To check the final data, it is convenient to create special tables from which the entire calculation will be visible: separately for transactions subject to VAT and for non-taxable ones. The table will summarize the main indicators used to calculate the proportion:

• acquisition/sale expenses – transactions not subject to taxation (it is better to list all their types);
• qualifying expenses for taxable transactions;
• total line of direct expenses;
• mixed group of expenses (also list);
• summation.

In order to maintain separate VAT accounting correctly and when it is really necessary, you need to constantly monitor the updating of current information. The rules for maintaining separate accounting for VAT are directly related to updates in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, which happens constantly, and in lately- especially intense.