Blood test, hormone content decoding. Female hormones. Preparation for the procedure

Hormonal screening- a method for diagnosing endocrine disorders. The task of hormonal examination is to assess the level of basal secretion of tropic and steroid hormones in blood plasma during the early folliculin phase menstrual cycle, which corresponds to the 2-3rd days from the onset of menstruation. They study the concentration of prolactin, gonadotropins (FSH, LH), estradiol, testosterone, DHEAS, cortisol, TSH, free fractions of hormones thyroid gland: T3, T4 - determine the level of antibodies to thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin (Table 6-1).

Blood for research (analysis for hormones) is taken from the cubital vein from 9 to 12 hours on an empty stomach. Before this, the patient is not recommended to conduct a gynecological examination, examination and palpation of the mammary glands. In violation of the menstrual cycle by the type of oligomenorrhea hormonal examination carried out on the 2-3rd day of a menstrual-like reaction caused by gestagens.

Table 6-1. Normative indicators of the concentration of hormones in the blood plasma of women of reproductive age

Indicators for all hormones, except for progesterone, correspond to the early follicular phase of the cycle, for progesterone - to the middle of the luteal phase.

Hormonal tests are carried out to clarify the functional state of various departments reproductive system and identifying their backup capabilities. The tests are based on taking into account those specific reactions that cause the introduction into the body of exogenous hormones that have the same properties as the hormones produced by the body. Until the time of the test, the patient should not take hormonal drugs for a month.

A test with gestagens, or a progesterone test, is used to assess the level of estrogen saturation of the body in amenorrhea and to study the response of the endometrium to the effects of progesterone. To conduct a progesterone test, gestagens are prescribed for 10 days (norethisterone, linestrenol, dydrogesterone) at a dose of 10 mg per day. Natural micronized progesterone is prescribed at a dose of 200-300 mg per day in the vagina for 10 days. Along with gestagens for oral administration, it is possible to use injectable forms of drugs: 1% solution of progesterone, 1 ml per day for 10 days or 12.5% ​​solution of 17OP, 125–250 mg per day, once intramuscularly. The test is assessed as positive if 3–7 days after the end of the drug intake, moderate spotting appears, which persists for 3–4 days. The absence of a menstrual-like reaction indicates a sharp decrease in the level of estrogen in the body and the absence of proliferative processes in the endometrium.

A cyclic test with sequential administration of estrogen and progesterone drugs is carried out with a negative progesterone test. Estrogens (17estradiol at a dose of 2–4 mg, ethinylestradiol at a dose of 0.05 mg) are prescribed for 10–12 days, and sometimes for a longer period until the Meho value is reached, corresponding to 8–10 mm according to ultrasound monitoring. Then gestagens are used for 10 days. The appearance of a regular menstrual-like reaction 3–7 days after the end of taking the drugs indicates the presence of an endometrium sensitive to the action of hormones with a pronounced deficiency of endogenous estrogens. The absence of bloody discharge (negative cyclic test) indicates the uterine form of amenorrhea (uterine aplasia, intrauterine synechia - Asherman's syndrome).

For this test, any combined estrogen-progestogen preparations are used, 1 tablet 1 time per day for 21 days.

Functional tests are carried out to assess the safety and reserve abilities of various levels of the neuroendocrine system.

A test with clomiphene is carried out to assess the gonatropic function of the pituitary gland. The test is carried out in patients with oligoamenorrhea. Clomiphene - competitive blocker estrogen receptors. Normally, after taking it, the inhibitory effect of sex hormones on the hypothalamus stops. As a result, the secretion of gonadoliberin increases, and the content of FSH and LH increases. Clomiphene is prescribed from the 5th day of the cycle for 5 days, 100 mg per day. Blood to determine the level of FSH and LH is taken on the 5th, 7th, 10th and 13th days. The test is assessed as positive if on the 5th day of taking the drug the level of gonadotropins increases by 2 times. The response to clomiphene is also assessed by the results of ultrasound monitoring of the maturation of follicles in the ovaries. The lack of response to clomiphene confirms the endogenous deficiency of gonadotropins, but does not allow to differentiate the level of damage: the hypothalamus or the pituitary gland.

The test with gonadoliberin shows the predominant level of damage to the hypothalamic-pituitary system in gonadotropic insufficiency. After determining the initial concentrations of LH and FSH, the drug gonadoliberin agonist (decapeptyldaily) is injected into the blood plasma at a dose of 100 μg intravenously. The test is considered positive if, in response to the administration of the drug, the concentrations of LH and FSH increase by at least 3 times at 3–45 minutes of the study. A negative test indicates damage to the pituitary gland, a positive test indicates the preservation of the pituitary gland and damage to the hypothalamic structures.

A test with ACTH reveals latent forms of adrenal hyperandrogenism, mainly heterozygous carriage of a mutation in the 21 hydroxylase gene. Blood sampling to study the initial concentration of 17OP and cortisol in the blood plasma is carried out at 9 am, after which the drug synactendepo 1 mg / ml is administered intravenously. Blood for research is taken again after 9 hours. The data obtained are processed using the discriminant function defined by the formula:

D=0.052 [X1]+0.005 [X2–0.018 [X3],

where X1 is 17OP at 18:00, X2 is the ratio of cortisol/17OP at 9:00, X3 is the ratio of cortisol/17OP at 18:00.

The test is positive, and the patient is considered as a carrier of the mutant allele of the 21 hydroxylase gene at D>0.069. The test with dexamethasone is based on the ability of the drug to suppress the release of ACTH by the anterior pituitary gland, as a result of which the formation and release of androgens by the adrenal glands is inhibited. Small dexamethasone test: administer dexamethasone 5 mg every 6 hours for 3 days. 2 days before the test, blood is taken for the study of testosterone, 17OP and dehydroepiandrosterone. Repeated blood sampling is carried out on the next day after the end of taking dexamethasone. With a positive test, the studied parameters decrease by 50% or more, which indicates an adrenal hyperandrogenism indicator. The absence of a decrease in hormone levels indicates the organic nature of hyperandrogenism, a slight decrease of 30–25% suggests their ovarian origin.

A large dexamethasone test is carried out with suspicion of an organic lesion of the adrenal glands. Dexamethasone is prescribed at a dose of 2 mg every 6 hours for 3 days. The determination of the level of hormones is carried out in the same way as with a small dexamethasone sample. A negative test result indicates the presence of a virilizing tumor of the adrenal cortex.

The test with hCG allows you to clarify the source of androgen hyperproduction in women with PCOS. The initial secretion of testosterone, 17OP and dehydroepiandrosterone is assessed, after which 4500 IU hCG is administered intramuscularly. Blood for the study of hormonal parameters is taken again after 24-36 hours. An increase in the concentration of hormones indicates the ovarian nature of hyperandrogenism. Assessment of carbohydrate metabolism in patients with hyperandrogenism is carried out in order to diagnose insulin resistance. At the first stage of the examination, the glycemic profile is determined during the day: blood for research is taken on an empty stomach at 9 am, then every 3 hours with a normal food load. Original blood test at 9 o'clock in the morning along with the level of glucose determine the concentration of insulin.

At the second stage of the survey, women with normal glycemic profiles are given a standard simplified test for glucose tolerance. For 3 days before the test, the patient receives 150-200 mg of carbohydrates per day without limiting water intake. The test is carried out in the morning on an empty stomach no later than 10 hours after the last meal. Assign glucose at a dose of 75 mg in 200–300 ml of water, blood sampling is carried out 30, 60, 90, 120 minutes after ingestion. Evaluation of test results (Table 6-2).

Table 6-2. Evaluation of the results of the classic two-hour glucose tolerance test (criteria of the American Diabetes Association, 1998)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Among women necessary for the detection of hormonal dysfunctions. A sharp decrease in weight, weight gain, changeable mood, depressive states and other changes in a woman's body are the result of hormones.

Violation of the normal ratio of hormones provokes disorders of organ systems and requires medical attention.

Therefore, with symptoms of hormonal disorders, it is recommended to visit a specialist - the doctor will give a referral for tests, on the basis of which many pathologies are diagnosed and effective treatment is prescribed.

What are hormones

Hormones — organic compounds produced in secretory cells and entering the blood and lymph.

Hormones are essential for the proper functioning of organs and systems. If a woman does not control the level of hormones, problems with conception, miscarriage will follow, which threatens complete infertility.

It's important to know! In the body of a woman, various hormones are produced that can change performance based on internal or external factors. Therefore, to take an analysis for hormones, contact a specialist who knows exactly on which day of the menstrual cycle and at what time of the day it is better to take the analysis. For the implementation of hormonal analysis, blood is taken from a vein.

The need for a blood test for hormones

When compared with males, who have a stable balance of hormones in the body, in women, hormone standards fluctuate - this is facilitated by various internal and external factors. : the period from the end of one period to the beginning of others, stressful situations, depression, infectious and viral diseases.

But with low or high hormone levels, a woman experiences disorders: a depressed emotional state, changes appearance, problems with the reproductive system, from which a female representative can become infertile.

If a woman has the following symptoms, it is necessary to visit a doctor to diagnose the condition and take tests:

• lack of stress resistance;
• insomnia;
• chronic overwork, loss of strength;
• weakened immunity;
• frequent viral infections;
• age-related changes;
• causeless mood swings;
• increased sweating;
• disorder of the menstrual cycle, absence of menstruation for more than 3 months;
• the appearance of edema;
• a sharp decrease or increase in weight;
• delayed puberty;
• more than two miscarriages;
• polycystic ovary syndrome;
• benign and malignant tumors on the ovaries;
• problem skin;
• male-pattern baldness or excessive hair growth (hirsutism).

Note! After collecting an anamnesis from the words of the patient, the doctor will refer you to the delivery of hormonal tests, but before that he will give recommendations on how to prepare for the test for hormones.

Preparing for a hormonal study

Attention! Preparation for the test is mandatory, otherwise the result will be incorrect, which is fraught with the appointment of the wrong treatment, aggravating the patient's condition.

Rules for testing for hormones:

1. Blood is taken from a vein on an empty stomach - the result of the analysis can distort even a small amount of water drunk;
2. 24 hours before the test, exclude intimacy, active physical activity;
3. Do not drink alcohol 24 hours before the study, do not smoke - 1 hour before;
4. If you are taking synthetic hormonal medications, you should warn your doctor about this - the doctor will suggest canceling hormones for a while or postpone taking the drugs;
5. Hormonal analysis is given taking into account the day of the menstrual cycle, so discuss with the specialist the duration of the period, and if menstruation comes irregularly, warn your doctor about this.

The task of the analysis is to reveal the ratio of steroids (sex hormones) and tropins (pituitary hormones) in the blood serum. A study on all hormones except progesterone is carried out in the first phase of the menstrual cycle on the 3rd-7th day from the onset of menstruation.

If a woman suffers from a menstrual cycle disorder in the form of oligomenorrhea, when the duration of the period is more than 36 days to six months, in this case, the day of analysis is counted from menstrual-like bleeding caused by synthetic progesterone. Meanwhile, the levels of the following hormones in the blood are assessed:

• luteinizing;
• follicle-stimulating;
• prolactin;
• estradiol;
• cortisol;
• DHAE-s;
• testosterone;
• thyrotropic;
• concentration of free thyroxine and triiodothyronine;
• determination of the level of antibodies to TG, thyroperoxidase.

Hormone levels in women

Important! The concentration of hormones in the female body fluctuates in accordance with many reasons - first of all - this is the phase of the menstrual cycle. Therefore, a blood test for hormones is taken in stages.

According to the methodology used by modern specialists, the analysis is taken three times during the cycle. This principle applies only to women of childbearing age. Girls who have not yet begun puberty and women in the menopausal period are not covered by this principle.

Let's turn to the table, which displays the norms of hormones in women:

Female hormones: norm and deviation

Today, an abundance of pathologies in women is diagnosed when it is required to take tests for hormones. female hormones responsible for many processes in the body, among them:

• stimulation of the development of the reproductive system and mammary glands;
• participation in the process of darkening of the external genitalia and halo;
• the formation of secondary sexual characteristics according to the female type;
• regulation of linear growth of tubular bones;
• cessation of the growth of tubular bones;
• rejection of the functional layer of the endometrium and the onset of menstruation;
• no thrombosis;
• regulation of increased blood coagulation, preventing the transition of menstruation into uterine bleeding;
• an obstacle to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques;
• increased sensitivity to progesterone receptors.

If a woman has the following symptoms, you should consult a doctor who will refer you to a hormonal analysis:

• acne rashes that do not disappear after special cosmetics for skin regeneration;
• rapid weight gain;
• benign tumors of the mammary glands, for example, cystic tissue growth;
• prolonged violation of the menstrual cycle;
• problems with conception, miscarriage.

It's important to know! A hormonal study is carried out only by a doctor, since a woman does not know many of the nuances that should be emphasized when taking an analysis.

In order to diagnose the pathology as early as possible, the doctor decides to refer the woman to the analysis of the study of hormones.

progesterone, estradiol

Hormones progesterone and estradiol are produced by the adrenal glands and the corpus luteum, and the norms are due to the phase of the menstrual cycle. Progesterone prepares the uterus for implantation of the embryo and promotes pregnancy.

Estradiol accompanies a woman throughout her life, starting from adolescence, ending with the period of menopause and contributes to the work of the reproductive system, is responsible for metabolic processes, affects the psycho-emotional state.

Hormone ratio tests progesterone and estradiol in the blood taken in the II phase of the menstrual cycle, after the onset of ovulation or in phase I on days 5-9 of the cycle. Analysis of the ratio of antagonist hormones is most often prescribed for the diagnosis of cancer and mastopathy.

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-c), testosterone

Male hormones (androgens) are produced in males by the testicles, and in females by the ovaries and adrenal glands. The hormone DHEA-c serves as a reserve of testosterone. If a woman has symptoms of diseases of the reproductive organs (fibromyoma, polycystic ovary syndrome), DHEA-c is lowered, and testosterone is increased. With a high concentration of both hormones, pathologies of the adrenal glands are observed.

With a deviation from the norm of hormones, a woman complains of:

• increased hairiness;
• oily skin with acne;
• menstrual disorder;
• inability to get pregnant.

An analysis for the ratio of hormones in the blood is taken on the 8-10th day of the cycle.

Prolactin, follicle-stimulating (FSH), luteinizing (LH) hormones

During puberty, prolactin promotes the growth of the mammary glands. In women of reproductive age, the hormone rises in the following cases:

• pregnancy;
• amenorrhea;
• neoplasms of the anterior pituitary gland;
• PCOS;
• taking oral contraceptives.

If the analysis shows a low concentration of prolactin in a woman, this indicates dysfunction of the pituitary gland.

Responsible for the formation and maturation of follicles. With the onset of ovulation, the dominant follicle ruptures, followed by the release of the egg. The follicular tissue transforms into the corpus luteum, which is destroyed if pregnancy does not occur, after which menstruation comes.

If an increased level of follicle-stimulating hormone is noticeable in the analysis, then most likely the woman is abusing alcohol or the following diagnoses will be made:

• ovarian dysfunction;
• cystic formations in the epididymis of the brain.

An analysis showing a reduced concentration of FSH is indicative of polycystic ovary syndrome. If a woman is overweight, the analysis of the concentration of follicle-stimulating hormone in the blood will also deviate from the norm down.

The main function of luteinizing hormone is to influence the process of maturation of the follicle. LH is actively involved in the ovulation process and affects the production of estrogen.

Note! All of the above hormones are Active participation in the process of conception: favor the maturation of follicles, the onset of ovulation, the release of the egg. By nature, everything is thought out to the smallest detail, but it happens that a woman cannot become pregnant, therefore, tests for prolactin, FSH, LH are prescribed to diagnose pathology. Moreover, the patient requires repeated hormone donations, since the level of prolactin, FSH and LH varies depending on the phase of the cycle, the age of the female representative and the position of the patient (in case of pregnancy).

An analysis from a vein for a group of hormones is initially taken on the 5-9th day of the cycle. If in doubt, the endocrinologist or gynecologist will re-send for tests, but first clarify to the woman when the study will be relevant.

Normal levels of pituitary and thyroid hormones

With visual dysfunctions of the thyroid gland or the patient's complaints about the dysfunction of the reproductive system (impossibility of conception, menstrual irregularities, etc.), the endocrinologist directs hormonal tests for:

• thyroid-stimulating hormone ( TSH) - controls the functioning of the thyroid gland;
• free hormones T3, T4.

A woman has two types of thyroid dysfunction:

1. Hypothyroidism- reduced levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4);
2. hyperthyroidism- an increase in thyroid hormones and probable intoxication with tyrosine amino acids.

It's important to know! A woman is able to independently prevent a decrease in the thyroxin hormone - it is necessary to follow a nutritious diet and eat foods rich in iodine.

If tests for male hormones have already been taken, the ratio of pituitary and thyroid hormones has been checked and it has been found out that the woman suffers from an increased level of androgens, a research method of carbohydrate metabolism is carried out through a two-stage analysis. At the first stage, it is planned to take a glycemic blood test for sugar, which is evaluated within 24 hours.

The first time the analysis will be taken on an empty stomach, while the content in the blood is considered glucose and polypeptide hormone insulin. Subsequent tests are carried out every 3 hours, and it is allowed to eat the same food that a woman eats during a normal day.

If the daily analysis of blood glycemia is normal, proceed to the second stage, where impaired glucose tolerance is checked. Preparation for the delivery of the analysis involves the use by a woman for 3 days of up to 200 milligrams of carbohydrates, while there is no control on fluid intake. The analysis is carried out on an empty stomach. A woman receives glucose with water in a ratio of 75 mg: 300 ml. The sample is taken 4 times with a difference of half an hour.

According to the diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus by American scientists (1998), the norms for the absorption of glucose by the body are presented in the table:

Deciphering a blood test for hormones in women

An analysis for hormones for a woman is prescribed only by a doctor - a gynecologist or an endocrinologist, who, on the basis of the harmonogram, deciphers and makes a diagnosis. In order for the doctor to correctly diagnose the pathology, there are several rules, following which will speed up the process of normalizing hormones:

1. The study of hormones during 2-3 menstrual cycles - for a more accurate determination of the hormonal level, the elimination of laboratory errors, the determination of a single case of fluctuating hormones or a permanent violation of the hormonal background;
2. An analysis of the hormone ratio helps the doctor determine the cause of the failure, so do not try to improve hormonal levels yourself.

It is interesting! Even if the analysis showed a deviation of hormones from the norm, a woman should not worry, because it is known that stress and bad mood affect the hormonogram. Most often, hormone levels are regulated with the help of special drugs that are prescribed only by a doctor, taking into account the age and complaints of the patient.

Summarizing

In the absence of hormonal imbalance, a woman feels healthy, looks beautiful and happy, because the deviation of hormones from the norm up or down entails many diseases and affects the emotional and physical health of a woman.

Therefore, at the first symptoms of hormonal disorders, a woman should consult a specialist - the doctor will direct her to take tests for hormones. Based on the results of the study, treatment is prescribed, which is carried out only under the supervision of a specialist.

Unlike men, women love change. They change their hairstyle, hair color, nails and image in general. Even their mood is prone to change. And joy, suddenly replaced by sadness, has nothing to do with changes in life. Very often the reason for this is a hormonal imbalance in the body. However, a change in the hormonal background is not always a deviation, and it occurs in the body of any healthy woman.

The hormonal background in men is more stable. In contrast, the female body often experiences fluctuations in hormone levels throughout life, which is caused by various factors, including the phase of the menstrual cycle, stress and various diseases, including colds. However, a persistent decrease or increase in the norm of hormones can lead to the development gynecological diseases and even infertility. In addition, a lack or excess of sex hormones leads to a violation of the emotional state and a change in appearance.

The following symptoms indicate the need to consult a specialist and take an analysis for hormones:

• low resistance to stress;
• sleep disorders;
• persistent feeling of fatigue and weakness;
• decrease in the protective functions of the body;
• susceptibility to viral diseases;
• age-related changes;
• causeless change of mood;
• excessive sweating;
• menstrual disorders and amenorrhea;
• puffiness;
• unreasonable increase or decrease in body weight;
• delay in sexual development;
• repeated miscarriage;
• polycystic ovaries;
• neoplasms in the ovaries;
• skin problems;
• hair loss or excessive hair growth in inappropriate places.

The functions of estrogens in the body of women

The pituitary hormones that are important for maintaining reproductive function and the body as a whole include the following:

• follicle stimulating hormone (FSH);
• somatotropic;

Among the hormones produced by the thyroid gland, thyroxine is the most valuable for the female body.

Norms of hormones in the blood in women

A blood test for hormones is taken in three approaches. The reason for this is the fact that in the female body their level is constantly changing depending on the phase of the menstrual cycle.

Currently, a special technique is used, on the basis of which blood is provided to determine the level of hormones in women three times per cycle. Cycles are calculated from the first day of menstruation. This rule does not apply to girls who have not reached the age of puberty and women in the period of menopause.

In general, the table of the norm of hormones in women should be like this.

Follicle stimulating hormone or FSH

Follicle-stimulating hormone is produced in the anterior part of the pituitary gland with the assistance of gonadoliberin, a hormone of the hypothalamus. If the hormones are normal, in the female body, a follicle is formed in one of the ovaries, in which the egg matures. If ovulation occurs, the follicle ruptures and the egg is released. The rest of the follicle is converted into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone during the pregnancy. If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum is destroyed, causing menstruation.

An increase in hormone levels may indicate the following conditions:

• dysfunction of the ovaries;
• benign or malignant tumors in the pituitary gland;
• alcoholism;
• irradiation with x-rays.

A decrease in FSH levels may be present in polycystic ovaries and overweight, as well as in the presence of genetic diseases.

LG

Produced in tandem with the previous hormone. And its main function is to influence the maturing follicle. LH takes an active part in ovulation and estrogen production.

Exceeding the LH norm can be observed in the following pathologies:

• dysfunction of the ovaries;
• neoplasms in the pituitary gland;
• frequent stress;
• prolonged fasting;

Prolactin

During adolescence, the production of prolactin contributes to the growth of the mammary glands in girls. In the future, only pregnancy can increase its level. And after childbirth, its main function is to produce milk. In other periods of life, its level in the blood of women is very low.

Exceeding the norm of prolactin indicates the following conditions:

• about pregnancy;
• the presence of a tumor in the pituitary gland;
• pituitary tumor.

DHEA-s is a precursor to testosterone, namely, its reserve form, released when needed. Given the peculiarities of the location of the hormone, the cause of the increase in testosterone is determined on the basis of this analysis. If a low concentration of DHEA-c is diagnosed with a high level of testosterone, this means that the cause lies in the pathology of the ovaries. If, as a result of the analysis, a high rate was revealed in both hormones, then adrenal disease is diagnosed.

Estradiol and progesterone

Tests indicating an increased level of hormones in the blood may be due to the presence of a tumor in the ovaries or adrenal glands. The norm of female hormones also increases with an excess of adipose tissue, since fat cells are actively involved in the production of estrogens.

Progesterone is actively produced in the second phase of the menstrual cycle. It is not surprising that exceeding its norm can only indicate pregnancy. However, in some cases, an increase in the rate may be the cause of a tumor in the ovaries or adrenal glands.

Conclusion

Normal hormonal levels are the basis of health for all people. Excessive concentration of hormones, as well as their lack, can negatively affect the general condition of the body. Therefore, if there is any sign that indicates a hormonal imbalance, both in women and men, you should consult a doctor and take a blood test for hormones. Increase or decrease their level should only be under the supervision of a specialist.

Bibliography

1. Fundamentals and functional systems: a course of lectures / ed. K. V. Sudakova. – M.: Medicine. - 2000. -784 p.;
2. Popova, Julia Female hormonal diseases. Most effective methods treatment / Julia Popova. – M.: Krylov, 2015. – 160 s
3. Agadzhanyan M. A., Smirnov V. M., Normal Physiology: A Textbook for Students medical schools. - M .: LLC publishing house "Medical Information Agency", - 2009. - 520 p.;
4. Romanova, E. A. Metabolic diseases. Effective Ways treatment and prevention / E.A. Romanova. - M.: AST, VKT, 2009. - 128 p.
5. Ryabinina A. What does the analysis of blood and urine say. - St. Petersburg: A. V. K., 2002.

Our ability to have children largely depends on how different hormones get along with each other. How to understand the results of hormonal tests?

ABC of the patient

FSH- follicle stimulating hormone

LG- luteinizing hormone

TSH- thyroid-stimulating hormone

BRL- prolactin

T3- triiodothyronine

T4- thyroxine

Thyroid

Thyroid-stimulating hormone controls the activity of the thyroid gland, "forces" it to produce the hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine.

thyroxine regulates the metabolism, energy, oxygen, as well as body temperature, the processes of synthesis and breakdown of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, participates in the processes of growth, development and reproduction.

Triiodothyronine Formed from thyroxine, regulates metabolism, growth, development and energy generation in the body.

pituitary (brain)

Prolactin necessary for the maturation of the mammary gland, stimulates the formation and excretion breast milk, suppresses the secretion of sex hormones.

luteinizing hormone promotes the production of the female sex hormone progesterone. Together with it, it supports ovulation and the second phase of the menstrual cycle.

Follicle stimulating hormone regulates the work of the ovaries: stimulates the growth and maturation of eggs, promotes the synthesis of estrogens.

ovaries

Estradiol The most active female sex hormone is estrogen.

• improves skin and hair condition
• stimulates memory
• strengthens bone tissue
• protects against atherosclerosis
• improves mood

Progesterone helps to maintain a regular menstrual cycle and maintain pregnancy in the first trimester.

Prolactin

• In menstruating women - 130-540 mcU / ml.
• In women in menopause - 107-290 mcU / ml

• failure of the pituitary gland.

Follicle stimulating hormone

Normal serum concentration: The norm varies depending on the period of the menstrual cycle:

• In the follicular phase - 3-11mU / ml.
• In the middle of the cycle - 10-45 mU / ml.
• In the luteal phase - 1.5-7 mU / ml.

Possible causes of increased hormone levels:

• insufficiency of the function of the gonads of a genetic or autoimmune nature due to surgical or radiation treatment
• chronic alcoholism
• orchitis
• pituitary tumors that produce follicle-stimulating hormone
• period of menopause.

Possible causes of low hormone levels:

• failure of the pituitary or hypothalamus
• pregnancy.

luteinizing hormone

Normal serum concentration:

• In the follicular phase of the cycle - 2-14 mU / ml.
• In the middle of the cycle - 24-150 mU / ml.
• In the luteal phase - 2-17 mU / ml.

Possible causes of increased hormone levels:

• insufficiency of gonadal function
• polycystic ovary syndrome
• pituitary tumors

Possible causes of low hormone levels:

• <снижение функции гипофиза или гипоталамуса/li>
• anorexia nervosa.

Estradiol

Normal serum concentration:

• In the follicular phase - 110-330 pmol / l.
• In the middle of the cycle - 477-1174 pmol / l.
• In the luteal phase - 257-734 pmol / l.

Possible causes of increased hormone levels:

• ovarian or adrenal tumors that provoke estradiol
• cirrhosis of the liver
• thyrotoxicosis
• pregnancy.

Possible causes of low hormone levels:

• ovarian failure, infertility
• taking certain contraceptive drugs.

Progesterone

Normal serum concentration: For each phase of the cycle and week of pregnancy, there are separate indicators of the norm. So, a sign of ovulation and the formation of a corpus luteum is a tenfold increase in progesterone levels.

Possible causes of increased hormone levels:

• congenital dysfunction of the adrenal cortex
• ovarian tumors
• corpus luteum cyst
• diabetes
• in pregnant women, progesterone levels are elevated with renal failure and Rh sensitization.

Possible causes of low hormone levels:

• lack of ovulation, insufficiency of the "yellow body" and, as a result, infertility

thyroxine

Normal serum concentration:

• The level of total thyroxin is 64-150 nmol / l, or 5-10 μg / 100 ml.
• The content of free thyroxine is 10-26 pmol / l, or 0.8-2.1 ng / 100 ml.

Possible causes of increased hormone levels:

• hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis - diseases associated with excessive thyroid function
• obesity
• pregnancy
• excessive use of drugs containing thyroxine, which are prescribed for the treatment of goiter
• thyroid adenoma.

Possible causes of low hormone levels:

• hypothyroidism - decreased thyroid function
• insufficiency of the pituitary gland
• the level of free thyroxin in the norm may decrease in the last trimester.

Triiodothyronine

Normal serum concentration:

• The concentration of total triiodothyronine is 1.2-2.8 nmol / l, or 65-190 ng / 100 ml.
• The content of free triiodothyronine is 3.4-8.0 pmol / l, or 0.25-0.52 ng / 100 ml, on average 0.4 ng / 100 ml.

Possible causes of increased hormone levels:

• overactive thyroid
• thyrotoxicosis.

Possible causes of low hormone levels:

• decreased thyroid function, as a variant of the norm - in the third trimester of pregnancy.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Normal serum concentration:

• 1-4 honey / ml.

Possible causes of increased hormone levels:

• primary hypothyroidism - a condition that reflects an insufficiency of thyroid function
• pituitary tumors that produce a lot of thyroid-stimulating hormone.

Possible causes of low hormone levels:

• thyrotoxicosis
• decreased function of the pituitary gland
• treatment with thyroid hormones.

Attention

Many hormones have a daily rhythm of secretion, and their release is associated with food intake. Therefore, it is very important to take tests in the morning, on an empty stomach, after an overnight fast - optimally from 8 to 9 in the morning. The level of hormones that regulate sexual function depends on the phases of the menstrual cycle. So, if there were no special instructions from the doctor, a blood test for estradiol, LH, FSH, progesterone and prolactin should be taken on the 5-7th day from the start of menstruation.

On the eve and on the day of blood donation, intense physical and psycho-emotional stress should be avoided. Do not donate blood when the temperature rises, against the background of infectious diseases. It is advisable to cancel all medications 7 to 10 days before taking an analysis for hormones. If this is not possible, be sure to tell your doctor about the medications you are taking and concomitant diseases, since many ailments can affect the results of laboratory tests.

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A blood test for hormones is a comprehensive study of biological material to identify the quality of the activity of the processes of all systems occurring in the human body.

An analysis of venous blood for hormones is a kind of research marker that characterizes the quality of the activity of virtually all body systems. The laboratory hands over the results of the analysis for hormones personally to the patient under study or to the attending physician, who sent him for laboratory diagnostics. It is a competent decoding of the results of a specialist that allows you to get a clear picture of the ongoing failures in the activities of organs and systems.

Not infrequently, all hormone tests reveal hidden pathological processes and prevent the development of many diseases. It is worth figuring out what symptoms a specialist prescribes a blood test for hormonal levels, and what is their norm for men, women, and decoding.

Hormones are malfunctioning active biological substances produced by the body's secretion glands. Their direct purpose lies in the regulation of the qualitative activity of the body. Each group of hormones is endowed with a direct impact on the work of both individual organs and entire systems.

Examination of the hormonal background of a person sometimes seems to medicine to be the only acceptable way to accurately diagnose many diseases, and promptly identify serious pathological failures of the body that progress in the early stages of asymptomatic development. An analysis to detect the concentration of hormones is prescribed for women under the following circumstances:

• disruption of the menstrual cycle;
• premenstrual syndrome;
• pregnancy planning;
• preterm pregnancy;
• infertility;
• during pregnancy with suspicion of impaired fetal development inside the womb;
• as a determination of the fact of pregnancy;
• in the presence of tumors of the uterus, ovaries;
• with benign tumors in the chest;
• disruption of the ovaries;
• decline in libido;
• deterioration in the quality of skin, hair, nails;
• excessive hairiness;
• jumps in blood pressure;
• disorders of the digestive system;
• overweight;
• anorexia.

For men, as a diagnosis for the pathology of the endocrine system and regarding sexual diseases, an analysis for the concentration of hormones is prescribed:

• in case of failures of the functional activity of the genital organs;
• decline in libido;
• suspicion of infertility;
• as a diagnostic technique in preparation for conception;
• with violations of the normal development and growth of the boy;
• with a sharp drop in weight category;
• with acne on the body;
• baldness;
• adnexal dysfunction.

As a general diagnosis, the hormonal background is examined by all patients, regardless of gender, for reasons:

• unexplained loss of strength;
• impaired activity of the liver or kidneys;
• with suspicion of oncological diseases;
• delayed puberty;
• early puberty;
• disruptions in the activity of the adrenal glands;
• diabetes disease;
• thyroid problems.

Blood test for thyroid hormones

Laboratory testing for hormones produced by the thyroid gland, the doctor prescribes for symptoms:

• nervous state;
• visual enlargement of the thyroid gland;
• weight gain.

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Biological substances are examined for their quantitative composition:

• TSH (abbreviation for thyroid-stimulating hormone) is responsible for the movement of other substances in the body.

A high concentration of the compound indicates the pathology of the adrenal glands and other organs, or drug addiction. Results with a low level may be explained by the period of treatment with hormone therapy.

• TSH (abbreviation for thyroxine-binding globulin) regulates the functionality of the thyroid gland.

Failure of the norm may indicate a disease with hepatitis, low ovarian functionality, somatic abnormalities, etc.

• The norm of TK (general) during pregnancy is increased. The results of a low level indicate poor nutrition, malfunctions in the liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and more.
• TK (free), in case of deviation from the norm, diagnoses kidney failure, vascular disease, taking iodine-containing drugs, and so on.
• A decrease in T4 hormones (total) occurs with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, starvation, and diets. High levels of the hormone are found in HIV disease, hepatitis, overweight and other indications.
• Free T4 reveals nutritional deficiencies, psychosomatic illnesses, pregnancy, and more.
• Thyroglobulin determines cancer.

Blood test for pituitary hormones

The pituitary gland is the main production of hormones that regulate the activity of all endocrine systems of the body.

If the concentration of hormone production by the pituitary gland fails, the pathological processes of the body should be looked for precisely from the pituitary gland itself. These are the advice of medical professionals.

Blood test for adrenal hormones

A hormonal study for norepinephrine and adrenaline is performed when diagnosing Cushing's syndrome, with malfunctions of the kidneys, heart, and so on.

Increased levels of adrenal hormone production can indicate many diseases, as well as constant stress and overwork. All high rates can even cause ordinary insomnia.

Blood test for sex hormones

The norm of tests for sex hormones for women depends on the period of the menstrual cycle, the trimester of pregnancy.

Elevated levels of sex hormones may indicate the presence of tumors, and a low concentration of substances diagnoses infertility, ovarian sclerosis, or their insufficient development.